Division
Parallelism
Whenever possible, in writing an
outline, coordinate heads should be expressed in parallel form. That
is, nouns should be made parallel with nouns, verb forms with verb forms,
adjectives with adjectives, and so on (Example: Nouns: computers, programs,
users; Verbs: to compute, to program, to use; Adjectives: home computers,
new programs, experienced users). Although parallel structure is desired,
logical and clear writing should not be sacrificed simply to maintain
parallelism. (For example, there are times when nouns and gerunds at the
same level of an outline are acceptable.) Reasonableness and flexibility of
form is preferred to rigidity.
Coordination
In outlining, those items which
are of equal significance have comparable numeral or letter designations: an
A is equal to a B, a 1 to a 2, an a to a b,
etc. Coordinates should be seen as having the same value. Coordination is a
principle that enables a writer to maintain a coherent and consistent
document.
Correct coordination
- A. Word processing programs
- B. Database programs
- C. Spreadsheet programs
Faulty coordination
- A. Word processing programs
B. Microsoft Word
C. Page Maker
Explanation: Word is a
type of word processing program and should be treated as a subdivision. Page
Maker is a type of desktop publishing program. One way to correct
coordination would be:
- A. Types of programs
- 1. Word processing
- 2. Desktop publishing
- B. Evaluation of programs
- 1. Word processing
- a. Word
b. Word Perfect
- 2. Desktop Publishing
- a. Page Maker
b. Quark Express
Subordination
In order to indicate levels of
significance, an outline uses major and minor headings. Thus in ordering
ideas, you should organize it from general to specific or from abstract to
concrete- the more general or abstract the term, the higher the level or
rank in the outline. This principle allows your material to be ordered in
terms of logic and requires a clear articulation of the relationship between
component parts used in the outline. Subdivisions of each higher division
should always have the same relationship to the whole.
Correct subordination
- A. Word processing programs
- 1. Microsoft Word
- 2. Word Perfect
- B. Desktop publishing
programs
- 1. PageMaker
- 2. Quark Express
Faulty subordination
- A. Word processing programs
- 1. Word
- 2. Useful
- 3. Obsolete
Explanation: There is an A
without a B. Also 1, 2, and 3 are not equal; Word is a type of word
processing program, and useful and obsolete are qualities. One
way to correct this faulty subordination is:
- A. Word
- 1. Positive features
- 2. Negative features
- B. Word Perfect
- 1. Positive features
- 2. Negative features
Division
To divide you always need at
least two parts; therefore, there can never be an A without a B,
a 1 without a 2, an a without a b, etc. Usually
there is more than one way to divide parts; however, when dividing use only
one basis of division at each rank, and make the basis of division as sharp
as possible.
Correct division
- A. Personal computers:
hardware
- 1. Types
- 2. Cost
- 3. Maintenance
- B. Personal computers:
software
-
Faulty division
- A. Computers
- 1. Mainframe
- 2. Micro
- a. Floppy disk
b. Hard disk
- B. Computer uses
- 1. Institutional
- 2. Personal