All You Need to
Know About INDIA
Government
Politics
Administrative divisions
Geography
Economy
Demographics
Culture
Last updated on
Sunday, October 29, 2006 19:28
- Mac. Dream. MX
Stone Age | 70,000–7000 BCE |
Mehrgarh Culture | 7000–3300 BCE |
Indus Valley Civilization | 3300–1700 BCE |
Late Harappan Culture | 1700–1300 BCE |
Vedic Civilization | 1500–500 BCE |
· Iron Age Kingdoms | · 1200–700 BCE |
Maha Janapadas | 700–300 BCE |
Magadha Empire | 684–26 BCE |
· Maurya Dynasty | · 321–184 BCE |
Middle Kingdoms | 230 BCE–1279 CE |
· Satavahana Empire | · 230 BCE–199 CE |
· Ancient Tamil Kingdoms | · 200 BCE–200 CE |
· Kushan Empire | · 60–240 CE |
· Gupta Empire | · 240–550 |
· Chola Empire | · 848–1279 |
Islamic Sultanates | 1210–1596 |
· Delhi Sultanate | · 1206–1526 |
· Deccan Sultanates | · 1490–1596 |
Hoysala Empire | 1040–1346 |
Vijayanagara Empire | 1336–1565 |
Mughal Era | 1526–1707 |
Maratha Empire | 1674–1818 |
Colonial Era | 1757–1947 |
Modern States | 1947 onwards |
MEHRGARH CULTURE (7000-3300 BC)
* 7000 BC: Mehrgarh Culture (Period I) begins,
which was one of the world's earliest Neolithic cultures
* 5500 BC: Period II of Mehrgarh begins
* 4800 BC: Period III of Mehrgarh begins
* 3500 BC: Period IV of Mehrgarh begins
* 3300 BC: Period IV of Mehrgarh ends
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (3300-1700 BC)
* 3300 BC: Indus Valley Civilization (also known as Harappan civilization
or Sindu-Sarasvati Civilization) began in Harappa (starting with the Ravi
phase), and was one of the world's three earliest urban civilizations,
contemporary to Sumer (in Mesopotamia/Iraq) and ancient Egypt. The civilization
at this time used an early form of the Indus script (Harappan script) for
its writing system.
* 2800 BC: Kot Diji phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins
* 2600 BC: Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins. The
cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro become large metropolises and the civilization
expands to over 2,500 cities and settlements across the whole of Pakistan,
much of northern India, and parts of Afghanistan and Iran, covering a region
of around one million square miles, which was larger than the land area of
its contemporaries Egypt and Mesopotamia combined, and also had superior urban
planning and sewage systems. The civilization began using the mature Indus
script for its writing system.
* 1900 BC: Late Harappan Phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins
* 1700 BC: Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the
Cemetery H culture
VEDIC ERA (1700-500 BC)
* 1700 BC: With the drying up of the Sarasvati River, the inhabitants
of the Indus Valley migrate eastwards and southwards. The Vedic Civilization
begins, where Vedic Sanskrit is spoken.
* 1300 BC: Cemetery H culture comes to an end
* 1000s BC: Kurukshetra War may have taken place between members of the Kuru
dynasty. The ancient epic Mahabharata is later based on this war
* 600 BC: Sixteen Maha Janapadas ("Great Realms" or "Great Kingdoms")
emerge. A number of these Maha Janapadas are semi-democratic republics.
* 563 BC: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), founder of Buddhism is born as a prince
of the Shakya tribe, which ruled parts of Magadha, one of the Maha Janapadas
* 549 BC: Mahavira, founder of Jainism is born
* 538 BC: Cyrus the Great, founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquers
parts of Pakistan
* 500 BC: Panini standardizes the grammar and morphology of Sanskrit in the
text Ashtadhyayi. Panini's standardized Sanskrit is known as Classical Sanskrit
* Vedic Civilization comes to an end after Vedic Sanskrit is standardized as
Classical Sanskrit and the Vedic religion evolves into classical Hinduism
ANCIENT INDIA (500 BCE-550 CE)
* 333 BC: Persian rule in Pakistan ends after Darius III is defeated
by Alexander the Great, who establishes the Macedonian Empire after inheriting
the Persian Achaemenid Empire
* 326 BC: Ambhi (Omphis/Taxiles in Greek), king of Taxila (Takshashila in Sanskrit)
surrenders to Alexander (Sikander in Hindustani). Purushottama (Porus in Greek)
who ruled parts of the Punjab, fought Alexander at the Battle of the Hydaspes
River
* 321 BC: Mauryan Empire is founded by Chandragupta Maurya (Sandrokottos in
Greek) after he defeats the Magadhan Empire and Macedonian Seleucid Empire
* 305 BC: Chandragupta Maurya defeats Seleucus Nicator of the Seleucid Empire
* 304 BC: Seleucus gives up his territories in Pakistan and Afghanistan to
Chandragupta in exchange for 500 elephants. Seleucus offers his daughter in
marriage to Chandragupta to seal their friendship.
* 273 BC: Ashoka the Great (regarded as the greatest ancient Indian emperor),
grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, ascends as emperor of the Mauryan Empire
* 266 BC: Ashoka conquers and unifies most of South Asia, along with parts
of Afghanistan and Iran
* 265 BC: Kalinga War takes place between Ashoka and the kingdom of Kalinga.
After conquering Kalinga, Ashoka regrets what he'd done, which led him to adopt
Buddhism, which then became the official state religion of the Mauryan
Empire
* 260s: Ashoka begins displaying religious tolerance, grants animal rights,
builds hospitals for people and animals, treats his subjects as equals regardless
of caste or creed, and promotes non-violence and republicanism. Ashoka inscribes
the Edicts of Ashoka, written down using the classical form of the Brahmi script
* 232 BC: Ashoka dies and is succeeded by Dasaratha
* 200-100 BC: Tholkappiyam standardizes the grammar and morphology of Tamil
and the oldest existing grammar in the text. (dates vary between 200 BCE and
100 CE)
* 184 BC: The Mauryan Empire, which shrunk considerably, collapsed after its
emperor Brihadrata was assassinated by his Brahmin general Pusyamitra Sunga
who then established the Sunga dynasty
* 180 BC: Establishment of the Indo-Greek kingdom.
* 80 BC: Establishment of the Indo-Scythian kingdom.
* 65 BC: Pandyan king sends Ambassodars to Greek and Roman court.
* 10: Establishment of the Indo-Parthian kingdom.
* 68: Establishment of the Kushan empire by Kujula Kadphises.
MEDIEVAL INDIA (550-1526 AD)
* 761: First muslim, Md. Bin Qasim defeats King Dahir
* 800: Shankaracharya
* 1000: Invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni
* 1030: Alberuni arrivies in India; Death of Mahmud of Ghazni
* 1191: First battle of Tarain between Md.Gauri and Prithvi Raj Chauhan-3 and
Gauri defeated by Prithivi Raj Chauhan-3.
* 1192: Second battle of Tarain fought between Gauri and Prithivi Raj Chauhan-3
but Prithivi Raj Chauhan-3 defeated and captured near swarswati river and executed
by gauri and his son became king of Ranthambhore.
* 1194: battle of chandawar ,this battle fought between gauri and jayachandra
and gauri defeated jayachandra and killed .
* 637: Badami Chalukya power at its peak. Pulakesi II pushes north upto the
Narmada and defeats Harshavardhana of Kanauj.
* 814: Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I becomes Rashtrakuta king. Period of Imperial
Karnataka. Kannada literature flourishes.
* 1120: Kalyani Chalukya power at its peak. Vikramaditya VI ushers in Vikrama
Chalukya era.
MUGHAL ERA (1526-1757)
* 1526: Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, of the Delhi Sultanate, angers local nobles,
who respond by inviting Babur, the Mughal ruler of Kabul, to invade Delhi
and Agra. The local population, plus the possession of artillery, assists
Babur in killing the Sultan (whose soldiers desert him) at the Battle of
Panipat.
* 1527 Babur makes secret pact with Mewar general Silhadi that he will give
Silhadi a kingdom, if Silhadi betrays Mewar King Rana Sanga in Battle of Khanwa,
thus leading to the annexation of Mewar.
* 1530 Babur completes his Baburnama, reflecting on society, politics, economics,
history, geography, nature, flora and fauna, which to this day is a standard
textbook in 25 countries. Babur dies, and is succeeded by his son Humayun.
* 1556 Humayun converts from Sunni Islam to Shia Islam, to gain the alliance
of the Shah of Persia. Humayun dies, and is succeeded by his son Akbar.
* 1572 Akbar annexes Gujarat.
* 1574 Akbar annexes Bengal.
* 1586 Akbar annexes Kashmir.
* 1600 East India company is formed in England. Gets exclusive trading
rights with India.
* 1605 Akbar dies, and is succeeded by his son Jehangir.
* 1628 Jehangir announces "Chain of Justice" outside his palace that
anyone can ring the bell and get a personal hearing with the emperor. Jehangir
dies, and is succeeded by his son Shah Jahan.
* 1658 Shah Jahan completes Taj Mahal, Jamia Masjid, and Red Fort. Imperial
treasuries drained by architectural and military overexpenditures. Shah Jahan
dies, and is succeeded by his son Aurangzeb.
* 1674 Forces led by Shivaji defeat Aurangzeb's troops, and establishes Maratha
Confederacy.
* 1680 Shivaji dies of fever at Raigad.
* 1707 Aurangzeb dies, and is succeeded by son Bahadur Shah I.
* 1757 The British East India Company's private army under Robert Clive annexes
Bengal for the company in the Battle of Plassey. Edmund Burke has Robert
Clive arrested for the act.
COMPANY ERA (1757-1857)
* 1766 First Anglo-Mysore War begins.
* 1769 First Anglo-Mysore War ends.
* 1780 Second Anglo-Mysore War begins.
* 1784 Second Anglo-Mysore War ends with the Treaty of Mangalore.
* 1789 Third Anglo-Mysore War begins.
* 1792 Third Anglo-Mysore War ends.
* 1798 Fourth Anglo-Mysore War begins.
* 1799 Fourth Anglo-Mysore War ends with the death of Tipu Sultan and the restoration
of the Wodeyar dynasty.
* 1857 First Indian Rebellion, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny to the British,
and the First War of Indian Independence to Indians.
BRITISH IN INDIA (1858-1947)
REPUBLIC OF INDIA (1947-PRESENT)
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