The Hubble Constant as the Angular Velocity of Light in the Closed Universe


In the mainstream cosmology the Hubble constant characterizes the rate of the Universe expansion, and the Hubble "constant" is changing there with the age of Universe. In this work the Hubble constant characterizes the rate of space-time macroscopic rotation. Compare: Plank constant characterized the rate of microscopic space-time rotation. Thus, in this work we have the real Hubble CONSTANT. It has the simplest physical meaning, - frequency of light rotation in closed Universe, Н, measured in rotations per second, or the angular velocity of light, Ħ=2pН. Compare it with Plank constant: ħ=h/(2p). The Hubble constant can be measured in the units used in cosmology, km/s/Mpc.


In the following table there are some values of Hubble constant, measured or calculated in different methods:

Method Used Authors Value, km/s/Mpc
Cepheid variables in distant galaxies W. Freedman et al (1999) 70 +/- 7
M101 group velocity and distance Sandage and Tammann (1974) 55.5 +/- 8.7
Virgo Cluster Peebles (1977) 42 - 77
Globular Clusters Hanes (1979) 80 +/- 11
Virgo Sc HII luminosities Kennicutt (1981) 55
Type I supernovae Branch (1979) 56 +/- 15
Type I supernovae Sandage and Tammann (1982) 50 +/- 7
Infrared Tully-Fisher relation Aaronson and Mould (1983) 82 +/- 10
SN-Ia and Cepheids Sandage, et al. (1994) 55 +/- 8
Cepheids in Virgo (M100) Freedman, et al. (1994) 80 +/- 17
Surface Brightness Fluctuation Tully (1993) 90 +/- 10
Final Results from the Hubble Space Telescope
Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant
(2000) W. L. Freedman, B. F. Madore, B. K. Gibson, L. Ferrarese, D. D. Kelson, S. Sakai, J. R. Mould, R. C. Kennicutt, Jr., H. C. Ford, J. A. Graham, J. P. Huchra, S. M. G. Hughes, G. D. Illingworth, L. M. Macri, P. B. Stetson 72 +/- 8
In the February, 2003, the results of the first year of WMAP observations were released. (WMAP = Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) WMAP Science Team

WMAP, CBI, ACBAR =
WMAPext+2dF =
Different methods give values:

73 +/- 5
73 +/- 3


Alternative methods

- -
Shear Method, (Superconductivity,..) HU=sqr(PU/(mUVU)) Richard D. Saam (1999) 76 (or 2.47E-18 1/sec)
Stability of Solar system.
Quantum numbers for planets was unknown yet.
Average value of H was received through: H = Gm/(r2c), where m - masses of a planets or their satellites.
My result (about 1990) 50-100
Vacuum lattice method.
Coefficient was incorrect.
Calculated through: H=mprc2/hN2, N=2/3*sqr(24/(fgr/fel)e-e*a/3)
Me and M.Geilhaupt (1998) 64.75 (or 2.099E-18 rot/s)
Vacuum lattice 1999.
Calculated through: H=mprc2/hN2, N2=ap(fel/fgr)el-el
My result, (1999) 73.29 (or 2.375E-18 rot/s)
Vacuum lattice 1999G'.
Calculated through:
H=mprc2/hN2, N2=ap(fel/fgr)el-el
G' = 1/Exp(a+1/a) = 3.0398509(15)E-60
G' = N(fgr/fel)pr-el/(2p2) = 3.0398509(15)E-60
G' = (a/e0/G)1/2e/mel/2 = 3.0398509(15)E-60
G = (G'e3/4/a1/2/e03/2/mel/mpr2)2/3 = 6.671480(24)E-11   Nm2/kg2
My result
(November, 1999)
73.275098(26) (or 2.37468420(84)E-18 rot/s)
Vacuum lattice 2001H.
Hydrogen atom was used instead proton. Calculated through:
H=mHc2/hN2, N2=ap(fel/fgr)el-el,
mH mass of hydrogen atom
My result
(February, 2001)
73.32740
(or 2,376378745E-18 rot/s)
(if G=6.672606660E-11 N*kg2/m2)

73.327
(if G=6.67259(85)E-11 N*kg2/m2)

Quantum stability of Solar system.
Calculated through: H = Gm/(nr)2/c, where:
m - mass of a planet;
n - resonant number to which a planet
or its satellite trends:
Mercury - 3, Earth - 5, Mars - 1, Saturn - 5, Uranus - 1...
My result
(February, 2001)
73.314
(if G=6.671480(24)E-11 N*kg2/m2)

73.326
(if G=6.67259(85)E-11 N*kg2/m2)

Solar stability
Calculated through: L = GM2H/(4l0), where: M - mass of the stable star, MSun = 1.9891E+30 kg, L- luminosity of a star, LSun = 3.846E+26 W, l0 - boundary wave length (look the table on the page Physical Constants), or gravity mirror radius, relatively which two halves of the Sun "expand" accordingly Hubble law. The change of potential energy of two halves of the Sun in one second is equal to the capacity or luminosity of the Sun.
My result
(24 February, 2001)

73,39

Alpha method
It is known:
Rydberg/Bohr = Bohr/Compton = Compton/class. = 1/a.
Almost proved hypothesis:
... = Hubble/Schwarzschild = ... = 1/a
As a result we have the density of the Universe:
r
=2aH2/G. (Compare with:
r
GeneralRelativity=3H2/(8pG);
rSnakeMethod=3H2/(64pG).
My result
(29 January, 2002)
If we use the upper received value of Hubble constant 73.275, we'll have the radiation/gravity pressure ratio about 1.022, and the temperature of CMB will be smaller then observable in 1.0055 times. If you go back you will have the similar error in the Hubble constant.
(The best temperature for smaller/bigger shifting is: 2.728043K)
Galaxies-ghosts + Alpha method.

This result proves the static/stationary models of the Universe build by Einstein, Hoyle, Kozyrev...

Hot Big Bang predicts nothing. Stationary model of Universe is much more fruitful and interesting.

My result
(13 February, 2002)
If we use the upper received value of Hubble constant 73.275098(26) and G = 6.671480(24)E-11m3/kg/s2, then we have such characteristics of CMB:
u = 4.2039878E-14 J/m3,
p = 1.4013293E-14 Pa,
T = 2.7302482 K.

Gravithermal spectrum has the same characteristics as the electromagnetic spectrum but with opposite sign.

ugr = - uem,
pgr = - pem.

Grand Unification method.

Postulate: Gravity force between two masses, situated on the poles, has an extreme. Consequently, it is described by the same law as three others forces. Relative density of the Universe is it's normalized charge. The square of the normalized charge is the constant of gravity interactions:

W2 = agr ,

At Grand Unification energies these constants converge:

agr = aweak = astrong = (8/3) aem.

After some transformations we'll have the connection between the Hubble constant and the CMB temperature:

H=16T2 sqrt(2Gp3s / (3c3a)).

Look the page CMBR = +Dark Energy.

My result
(7 February, 2003)

If TCBR=2.725(1)K,
then: H=73.127(59) km/s/Mpc.

If the Vacuum lattice 1999 method is correct, then at first we compute the Hubble constant, H=73.305(11) km/s/Mpc, and after we compute the CBR temperature: TCBR_computed = 2.72832(10)K.
Here we used the CODATA-2002 values.
The cause of some error between observable and computed temperatures is the circumstance that our computed temperature is the effective one.

 

 

Magnetic similarity.

The more precise theoretical value of gravity constant was used.

G' = 1/Exp(1/a)
G=hc(aG'/mpr2/mel)2/3/21/3/z4 =
6,6730102(37)·10-11 Nm2/kg2
z - ratio of magnetic dipole moment of electron to Bohr magneton.
N2=ap(fel/fgr)e-e
H=mprc2/hN2.

My result
(February, 2006)
H = 73,291909(81) km/s/Mpc =
2,3752290(26)·10-18  rot/s.

Unifying the upper results, we can conclude, that the Hubble constant with great part of credibility is:

H = 73.2+/-0.2 km/s/Mpc

I think that the result H = 73,291909(81) km/s/Mpc is also quite reliable. This follows from my analysis of the movement of electron's links in my VB-program http://darkenergy.narod.ru/SR2007.exe  
And also from the analysis of my Exel-program http://darkenergy.narod.ru/data.xls
More precise value of gravity constant you can find in the line Magnetic similarity. Copy there G and DG and paste them in the line Newtonian constant of gravitation. Bottom values will change immediately.


The upper 11 results in the table were taken from the article Lifting the Veil on Hubble's Constant.
Some other pages about Hubble constant:
HubbleConstant.com
Hubble Finds Variable Stars in Distant Spiral Galaxy
Hubble Measures the Expanding Universe
The Expansion Rate and Size of the Universe., W.L. Freedman. From Scientific American, March 1998.
Edwin Powell Hubble -- Biographical Memoir

Here are links to some abstracts about Hubble constant:
Anisotropy of the Hubble Constant in a Cosmological Model with a Local Void on Scales of ~ 200 Mpc
The Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuation Hubble Constant
Supernova 1991T and the Value of the Hubble Constant
Type Ia Supernovae and the Value of the Hubble Constant
The Hubble Constant from SZE Measurements in Low-Redshift Clusters
The Hubble Constant from (CLASS) Gravitational Lenses
A Determination of the Hubble Constant from Cepheid Distances and a Model of the Local Peculiar Velocity Field
Hubble Constant at Intermediate Redshift using the CO-Line Tully-Fisher Relation
Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations of the Coma Elliptical NGC 4874 and the Value of the Hubble Constant
Arguments for a Hubble Constant near H0 = 55
Type Ia Supernovae, the Hubble Constant, the Cosmological Constant, and the Age of the Universe
Final Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant
Bibliography of WMAP Science Team Publications


Extremely urgent note, 2009.

Attention! Magnetic trap of Devil!

There is a very big probability that magnetic trap will kill us all, if we will not stop powerful colliders.

Magnetic trap is an object, unifying hypothetical objects, connected primarily by magnetic forces: neutron drop / liquid; neutron hole; magnetic hole ...

It is probable that the microscopic magnetic trap can be created at the collider. Magnetic trap will grow capturing the normal substance. As a result, magnetic trap can destroy the Earth.

Magnetic hole is a magnetic analog of the black hole. The black hole is bounded by gravitational forces, and the magnetic hole is bounded by magnetic forces, which are many-many times stronger than gravity forces.

Magnetic hole is a magnetic dipole, in the form of a circle, where there is the critical magnetic field. The lines of magnetic induction are directed perpendicular to the plane of the circle. Nucleons are microscopic magnets, and they can be easily captured by the critical field of the hole. As a result the hole is growing.

The approximate computation shows that the minimal possible magnetic hole, which can capture a nucleon, has a mass slightly more than one thousand masses of nucleons. The Tevatron collider is now working near this region (1 TeV). The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be able to create the particles with the rest mass, which are seven times more that the minimal possible mass of magnetic hole.

According to publications, LHC will create microscopic black holes. Most theorists suggest that these black holes will disappear, because of the Hawking evaporation. However, we know that there are several theories of gravity. Some theories did not even admit the existence of black holes. In addition, there are several theories of black holes. Therefore, confidence in the classical theory of black holes and in a process of evaporation of black holes is very poor.

For several years, some scientists argue and demand to ban the construction of powerful colliders. Among the known dangerous objects that may lead to global catastrophe are the following: microscopic black holes, strangelets, magnetic monopoles, vacuum bubbles. I learned about these disputes and concerns only in early September 2008. And then I immediately noticed that the objects, bounded by magnetic forces, were almost not analyzed.

In early September, I assumed that the probability of a global catastrophe is less than 0.000001. However, after three months of analysis of the objects, bounded by magnetic forces, and after the analysis of space observations, my assessment of the global disaster has surpassed dozens of percents.

Some theorists suggest that the Higgs bosons will be registered at the LHC. And, if these particles will not been found, the theorists would be very surprised; - this would prove that the Standard Model is wrong. Higgs boson had received a new name, "the God particle". We know that the most of particles have their corresponding antiparticles. So, if there is a particle of God, then there is a particle of Devil. Two colliding particles can give two more massive particles, - the particle and its antiparticle, for example, an electron and positron. By adding the colliding energy, we can get the God particle and its anti-particle, the magnetic trap of Devil. Particles and antiparticles have diametrically opposed properties. Indeed, the Higgs boson causes the ordinary matter to have a mass. But the magnetic hole captures the substance and transforms its rest mass-energy into another form of matter, - the magnetic field of the Devil's trap. Say me now, are we have the right to touch the particle of God?

Microscopic magnetic holes created at the collider, will move to the center of the Earth, absorbing the matter in their path. Eventually they will merge together into a single and much stronger magnetic hole. The thin shell of the Earth, together with us, will be ejected into cosmic space, but the rest of the Earth will turn into an electric current loop of several meters radius. For comparison, the radius of a black hole of the same mass is 9 millimeters. Half of Earth’s mass will be transformed into magnetic field of neutron hole, and another half will be transformed into radiation and kinetic energy of the released shell.

Magnetic hole will not decay if it was born in such cold place, as the collider, where the temperature is close to 0 K. If the magnetic hole is born in a collision of space particle with atmospheric particle, it has a speed, which is close to the speed of light. As a result, such magnetic hole will evaporate almost immediately as a result of energetic collisions with atmospheric particles. Such evaporating magnetic hole will form a cosmic-ray particle shower. Such showers are observable.

Huge magnetic holes are also observable is cosmos.

In the remnants of supernova SN 1987A we can see a system of rings, which remind us the magnetic hole. It is possible that this magnetic hole is decaying now.

It seems as if these rings embrace a hyperboloid. And now look at the electron, moving along two hyperboles in coordinates x, ict, in my electron model program. Each electron crosses the entire Universe in a period of time, which is equal to the classical period of the electron. This paradoxical conclusion is the consequence of the Special Relativity Theory. The ring structure of SN 1987A and our electron model have common visible properties. The Earth and the Sun can be turned into the same ring structure.

Magnetic collapse is much more rapid than the gravity collapse. At the process of magnetic collapse the nucleon turns such, that its magnetic dipole moment becomes parallel to the magnetic dipole moment of a trap. Gravity collapse needs displacing of a matter inside the Schwarzschild radius. The time interval of neutrino registration at neutrino observatories had proved the reality of magnetic collapse of dying stars.

Particle's collision energies and bombs:

Several eV - chemical bomb;
Several MeV - nuclear bomb;
Several TeV - hyper bomb.

Chemical bomb is accompanied by the change of chemical structure of matter.
Nuclear bomb is accompanied by the change of nuclear structure of matter.
Hyper bomb is accompanied by the transformation of solid matter into a field.

Scientific crime.

Only crazy people can try to create the particles with the rest mass, more than 1000 nucleon masses. It is very possible that in the region from 1000 to 7000 aum, hundreds types of particles and resonances can be created. It is clear, that the most of them will decay. But some of them will grow, capturing the ordinary matter.

Academician Migdal wrote 30 years ago about pion condensation in the strong fields. As a result he had come to conclusion that neutron stars can have any masses. My approximate computation also shows that the minimal possible neutron star can have a mass, about one thousand of nucleon masses. Such embryo of neutron star can by made in collider.

Not long ago the new strange unexpected particle was discovered at the Tevatron collider. It decays at several muons, up to eight units. Somebody had already named it the Halloween particle. I named it the muon hole. What will be made the next? The magnetic trap of Devil? It will not decay, but it will transform us into its magnetic field.

Majority of contemporary physicists imagine quark-gluon plasma as a suck with peas. That is a very dangerous imagination. Particles are not points with labels, where their quantum properties were written. Particles are not the material essences, independent of space-time; they are just space-time elements, strings. 

Dear reader, the situation is extremely serious. The physics now is in the deep crisis. Theorists, in order to save their religious Big Bang theory, invented “the dark energy" as a new either. They want now to test their wretched theories at the powerful Large Hadron Collider.

Those persons, with high ranks and high scientific degrees, who cry about the safety of LHC, had already made a crime now. The LHC was launched despite the fact that there were court trials. The Earth could be exploded the 21 of September 2008, but the accident, which had happened two days earlier, had saved us. Scientists-criminals must be punished. But they continue to lie about the safety of the LHC, and are preparing the global terrorist crime now.

Dear reader! Big Bang adherents can lead the Earth to the utter destruction. Particle collisions with the energy more then 1 TeV must be prohibited by the international law. The science must be cleared from the Big Bang delusion. Big-bangers want to touch the particle of God, but thus, they lead us into the magnetic trap of Devil. People, will you silently endure the massacre?

Some documents and links.

In November 2008, I arrived to Moscow in order to file a lawsuit against the Russian Academy of Sciences and against the most active propagandists/promoters of the LHC launch. Unfortunately, for lack of funds, I still (February 2009) can not to do it.

In late November at the "meeting of four" there was decided to hear my report "What will LHC give us, the particle of God, or magnetic trap of Devil?" at a workshop in one of the leading institutions of Moscow. But later, I received a "retreat" from this institution

In December, I sent the Letter to the President of Russia. In January, I received an answer in which it was stated that my letter was forwarded to the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In December, I sent the Letters to the Prosecutors Office of the Russian Federation. Soon after, I received the answer stating that my letter "was sent for review in the prescribed manner".

In the end of January I returned to Feodosia (Ukraine) and continued to inform about the risks of the global catastrophe. You can read some letters, which were send to the Google groups, - just click my Google-profile.

Reproduction of biospheres and civilizations. Who are you, dear reader: "a cell of good reason", "a curiosity cell", or "thoughtless muscular cell"?

Magnetic trap of Devil. Recent calculations show that it is not excluded that microscopic magnetic traps were already created, and they are growing now somewhere inside the Earth.

Arguments, proving that "The LHC will lead to global catastrophe"; "Magnetic holes exist"; "We will not be able to prevent the LHC launch and the following global catastrophe". Religious and mystic arguments.


Read the frequently updated page
Save Yourself - The Business Offer
for more news, links and developments of this topic.


The end of Extremely urgent note, 2009.


To index of Space Genetics,
This page was last updated: the 17 of November, 2008, by
Ivan Gorelik (my resume, coordinates and e-mail)


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