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Table of contents
Glossary
- Introduction
- First
Part : Treaties fields of application - Second
Part : Investment regulation - Third
Part : Settlement of disputes - Conclusion
- Tables
& appendixes- Bibliography
- Texts
and official documents - Case
law - Document
(Download) - Author
(E-mail)
^Glossary
^Introduction
Investment law in West Africa as a
topical subject
Absence customary or multilateral
regulations
Treaties historical and geographical review
Nature and
objectives of treaties
Signing of treaties in West Africa
Examined treaties
^First Part : Treaties fields of
application
Preleminary Section :
Titles and preambles
I)
Titles
A) Formally mutual agreements
B)
Unilateral agreements
II)
Preambles
Section 1) Material and
personnal field of application
I) Material
field of application
A) Investment
1)
Analytic definition
2) Synthetic definition
B) Investment
revenue
II) Personnal field of
application
A) Investor as a natural
person
1) Unilateral definitions
a) For West African countries
b)
For non-African countries
2) Bilateral definitions
B) Investor as a
legal person
1) Unilateral definitions
a) For West African
countries
b) For non-African countries
2) Bilateral
definitions
C) Link between investor and
investment
Section 2) Geographical and temporal
fields of application
I) Geographical field of
application
A) National territory
1)
Bilateral definitions
2) Unilateral definitions
a) For West African
countries
b) For non-African countries
B) State-controlled
bodies
II) Temporal field of
application
A) Retroactive application
B) Coming into force, termination and amendment
1) Coming into
force
2) Duration & Termination
3) Remanence Clause
4)
Conflict situation
5) Amendments
First Part
Conclusion
^Second
Part : Investment regulation
Section
1) Circulation of investments
I)
Promotion
A) Promotion, guarantee, and
reciprocity
B) Transparency
C) Economic and technical cooperation
II) Admission
A)
Simple admission under national law
1) Simple observance of national
law
2) Agreement procedures
B) Incentives
1) On
admission
2) Issue of authorizations
C) National treatment
D)
Imposition of conditions
1) Sovereign competence of host states
2)
Limits to the imposition of conditions
Section 2)
Treatment, protection and guarantee
I)
Treatment : International standards
A) General standards
1) Just and fair treatment
2) The full
and entire protection
3) Duty to meet contractual obligations
4)
Compatibility with international law
5) Interdiction of arbitrary
and/or discriminatory measures
B) Relative standards
1) Specific
field of application
a) Investors and related activities
b)
Investments
c) Taxation
d) Industrial and commercial
property
e) Security and protection
2) Reference treatments
a)
Standard of the most favoured nation (MFN)
b) National treatment
standard
C) Functioning of treatment standards
1) Combinations &
preferential treatments
2) Exceptions to the relative standards
a)
Former agreements
b) Admission of investments
c) Fiscals conventions
d) Public order measures
e) Industrial policy , public
companies
f) Closed economic sectors
g) Economic unions
and cross-border exchanges
3) Keeping more favourable law
a)
Alternative protection
b) Cumulative protection
D) Transfers
1)
Types of covered transfers
a) Total liberty
b) Limited liberty
2)
Protection provided for transfers
a) Currency of transfer
b)
Exchange rate
c) Delay of transfer
d) Formalities of exchange
3)
Exceptions to the transfer regulations
a) Balance of payments
difficulties and other exceptional economic situations
b) Other
exceptions
II) Protection
regulations
A) Expropriation
1)
Formulation & definition
2) Liceity
a) Principle of
liceity
b) Conditions of liceity
(i) General interest
(ii)
Non-discrimination
(iii) Internal legality and judicial
control
(iv) Observance of international law
(v) Observance of
contractual obligations
c) Indemnification
(i) Concepts of
indemnification and value
(ii) Provisions of treaties
(iii)
Terms
B) Wars and civil disorders
1) General regulations
2)
Host-state special responsability
C) Other protection clauses
1)
Entry and stay of foreigners
a) Cross-reference to national
legislation
b) Kindly examination of requests
c) Freedom, subject to
law and public order
d) Concluding establishment treaty
2) Employing
local personnel
3) Freedom of transport
III)
Grant of guarantee
A) National
mecanisms
1) Provisions of the treaties
2) French guarantee
system
B) International mecanisms
1) The Lome Convention
2) The interarab investment guarantee Company
3) The
guarantee and economic cooperation African fund
4) The private
investment guarantee fund for West Africa ( GARI Fund)
3) The
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
(MIGA)
Section 3) General Exceptions
Second Part Conclusion
^Third
Part : Settlement of
disputes
Preliminary Section :
Consultations
I) Consultations at one's
Contracting Party request
II) Periodic
consultations
Section 1) Mixed
Disputes (investor/ host-state)
Objectives of the clause
I) Field of
application
A) Covered disputed
1) Any
dispute relative to investments
2) Disputes relating to treaties
3)
Disputes relating to treaties, etastablishment agreements or investment
authorizations
4) Indemnification ammount for expropriation
B)
Authority to act
1) In ICSID arbitration
2) Guarantee
subrogation
a) Aknowledgment of rights
(i) Aknowledgment of a
national guarantee
(ii) Settlement of disputes relating to MIGA
b)
Scope of the principle
(i) Completeness of transmitted rights
(ii)
Transfer regulations
II) Admissibility of
appeals
A) Precontentious phase
B)
Exhaustation of internal appeal processes
III)
Arbitral Proceedings
A) Consent to
arbitration
1) Sources of consent to arbitration
a) Consent in
treaties
b) Consent in terms and conditions (ACP-EEC)
2) Practice
of international arbitration by West African States
a)
Presence of Africa in the arbitration courts
b) Problem of public
entities
(i) Difficulties of a legal nature
(ii) Difficulties of a
political nature
B) Multiplicity of mecanisms
1) Ad hoc
arbitration
2) ICSID clause
a) ICSID competence
b)
Consent to ICSID arbitration
C) Applicable law
1) Freedom of
choice
2) Arbitration law in West Africa
a) Absence of texts in
certain countries
b) More or less specific texts
c) Moving toward
the community law
IV) Execution and purpose of an
arbitration award
A) Execution as provided
for in the treaties
B) Treaties with a judicial purpose
1)
Multilateral treaties
2) Bilateral treaties
Section 2) Disputes bewteen
States
I) Covered
disputes
A) Disputes between states
B)
Exclusion of mixed arbitration
II) Obligation to
negociate
III) Setting up a court of
arbitration
A) Appointment of
arbitrators
B) Intervention of a third party
IV)
Arbitration proceedings
A) General
measures
B) Costs
Section 3) Acces to national
juridictions
Third Part
Conclusion
^Conclusion
^Tables &
appendixes
Table I: Number of treaties
concluded by developping countries by decade
Table II: BITs between
developping countries and between countries in transition
Table III:
Increase in number of intraregion treaties
Table IV:
Average number of treaties per country and region
Table V: Number of
treaties concluded by West Africa countries
Table V bis : Ranking
countries according to the number of treaties concluded with West Africa
countries
Table VI: List of 70 treaties conclueded by West Africa
countries
Table VI bis : List of 47 treaties studied and according
to concluding date
Table VIII : List of countries that have agreed
to the obligations of the IMF statutes article VIII-2&3
Table
IX : List of countries that have obtained a reinforced structural
adjustment facility (RSAF)
Table X : List of West Africa countries
which are member to the Washington Convention of 1965
Table XI :
List of MIGA member-states from West Africa
Table XII : List of
the New York Convention of 1958 member-states from West Africa
Table
XII : List of West Africa countries which are member to the Paris
Convention of 1883 for industrial property
Annexe I : IMF
statutes articles VIII-1 to 3 and XIV-1 to 3
Annexe II :
Exchanges regulation in West African Monetary and Economic Union (UEMOA)
states
^Bibliography
Books
Articles
Magazines
Theses
Internet
Addresses
^Texts and official
documents
^Case
law
International Case law
National Case law
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