Manure is a simple low cost biotechnology of multiplying microbes and earthwarms leading to decomposition of complex organic compounds in to simple usable forms for plants. Manure also provides them optimum conditions for rapid multiplication by feeding these microbes and earthworms on bio degradable material available in every house hold, every village, every town, panchayat, municipality. The low cost technology, enriched with earthworm is often termed as vermiculture and production of vermicompost is well known to every Indian farmer and public, but not practiced on commercial scale. Market the advantages of vermicompost over chemical fertilizer are enumerated below
1) It is rich in micro floras, which multiply fast through the digestive system of earthworms.
2) Several deficiencies in the soil are supplemented by earthworm feed organic wastes.
3) It makes soil porous resulting in improved water infiltration, moisture retention hence it is good for rainfed and dryland crop.
4) It arrests soil erosion through rainfall & irrigation and improves shelf life, nutritive value of farm crops.
Following cellulolytic micro organisms help in hastening decomposition:-
1. Tricoderma viride
2. Chaeyomium abuanse
3. myrothecium roridum
4. Aspergillus niger
Leading companies in this line are:-
(a) Biogenic System Vermiculture, 9 Deepa Malviya Road, Parle (E), Mumbai
(b) Bhawalkar Earthwarm Res. Inst., Kalyani, Pune-Satara Road, Pune411 037
Phone : 91-212-443714
Fax : 91-212-442305
(c) Indore BioTech fertilizer, Opp. Kothari Market, Indore Phone 0731-2533323/2432079
M. R. Morarka GDC-Rural Research Foundation Attn. Mukesh Gupta RIICO Gem Stone Park, Tonk Road, Jaipur-302 011, Rajasthan (India) Tel : +91-141-2720202 Fax : +91-141-2720574 Email : info@morarkango.com
Rajshree Sugars and Chemicals Ltd., India, has set up a bio-composting system to treat the spent-wash from its distillery using press mud obtained from sugar milling. A humus-rich manure is obtained by solid aerobic composting method, catalysed by a patented microbial starter. This manure has a sizeable quantity of secondary nutrients and micronutrients in addition to macronutrients. Available under the brand name ‘Green Plus’, this manure has been tested on various crops such as sugar cane, paddy, maize, tea, potato, coffee, banana, papaya, etc.
Contact: Rajshree Sugars and Chemicals Ltd., “The Uffizi,” 338, Avanashi Road, Coimbatore 641 004, Tamil Nadu, India. Tel: +91 (422) 574 856/579 282; Fax: +91 (422) 577 929; E-mail: rscl@md4.vsnl.net.in Website: www.rajshreesugars.com
Vermicompost: In recent years, organic manure have been in sharp focus due to the pollution caused by repeated application of chemical fertilizers. Vermicomposting is one such technology which yields organic manure. MCRC has been working on this technology since 1992. In this process, earthworms are reared during the composting process of organic wastes, which results in enriched compost quality, due to its merits.
NADEP composting: This is an aerobic method of composting that is carried out in specially constructed tanks or bins.
Bio-fertilizers Bio-fertilizers are the preparations containing live or latent cells of efficient strains of nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing or cellulolyotic micro-organisms used for application to seed or composting areas with the objective of increasing the numbers of such micro-organisms and accelerating those microbial processes which augment the availability of nutrients that can be easily assimilated by plants. Bio-fertilizers harness atmospheric nitrogen with the help of specialized micro-organisms which may be free living in soil or symbiotic with plants. ‘Microbial inoculants’ are carrier based preparations containing beneficial micro-organisms in a viable state, intended for seed or soil application, designed to improve soil fertility and help plant growth by increasing the number of desired micro-organisms in plant rhizosphere. Microbial Inoculants: - In soil the activities of Nitrogen fixation, mobilisation of plant nutrients and degradation of ligno-cellulotic wastes are being carried out by a large number of micro-organisms. Artificially multiplied cultures of selected micro organisms augment the natural recycling of organic resources. There are different types of microbial inoculants.
legumes. a) Bacteria:- i). Aerobic:-Azatobacter, Azomonas, Azospirillum. ii) Anaerobic:- Closteridium, chlorobium iii) Facultative anaerobes- Bacillus, Eisherichia b) Blue green algae- Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Nostoe
1.Rhizobium Inoculant Inoculation: - Carrier based inoculants are mixed with little water to form slurry (sugar or gum added to enhance survival of Rhizobia) and seeds are uniformly coated with the inoculant, dried and sown immediately. Other specialized methods include-pelleted seed (for acidic soils), per-inoculated seeds, liquid and frozen concentrates, granular soil inoculants, porous gypsum granules and natural peat granule. Agronomic importance: - Response to Rhizobium inoculation has been amply demonstrated with most of the legumes-ahar, urd, mung, gram, soybean, etc. Besides, legume cultivation also leaves behind a naturally nitrogen enriched soil for subsequent cultivators... 2.Azotobacter Inoculants Inoculation: - A slurry of the carrier based inoculant is made with minimum amount of water and seeds are mixed with the slurry, dried in shade and sown; seedling dip (10-13 min) in slurry is done for transplanted crops and planted immediately. For sugarcane etc. secondary inoculation with slurry near the root zone in early stages of plant growth are also recommended. The inoculants can also be mixed with FYM and broadcast near the root zone. Crop response: - Azotobacter inoculants on onion, wheat, rice, brinjal, tomato, cabbage, sugarcane, oat, barely, maize, potato can increase 7-12 % crop yields. Azotobacter spp. Increase plant yield primarily by fixing molecular nitrogen in soil, but it is also reported to synthesize auxins, vitamins, growth substances and antifungal antibiotics, which have beneficial effects of this bacterium on seed germination etc. 3.Azospirillum Inoculants Occurrence in soil:- Soil pH in range of 5.6- 7.2 registers Azospirillum activity with optimum at 6.7 to 7.0; below pH 5.6 the soil is devoid of Azospillium and presence of organic matter in soil generally favours multiplication of this bacterium.Powdered and sterilized FYM+soil, FYM alone or FYM+charcoal are used as carriers. 4.Blue Green Algal Inoculants: The inoculants are specially recommended for paddy crop grown in wet land conditions which also favour the growth of bluegreen algae. These algae also possess photosynthetic activity. Besides they excrete vitamin B12, auxins and ascorbic acid which contribute to growth of rice plants. 5.Azolla- an Organic Manure Methods of application: - It is applied as green manure prior to rice planting and as dual cropping with rice, when fern grows side by side with paddy. Crop response: - Soil application is more beneficial than dual culture method; 10 tonnes fresh Azolla/ha is equivalent to 25-30 kg N/ha and increasing application rate from 5-20 tonnes/ha has direct response in grain yield of paddy. |
For this simple project, you need 1 acre plot of land and :-
Land with assured water supply is developed with shed. This in turn is prepared for breeding and feeding earthwarm with garbage & cow dung slurry. Waterng is done regularly to decompose garbage. In 2 months entire garbage is digested by earthwarms and converted into dark brown compost, rich in organic matter.
ANNEXURE 1
CONSTRUCTION OF WORKSHED GODOWN, COMMON FACILITIES
| Construction | Size Area (sqft) | Rate | Amount |
| SHED 30'x50' | 1500 | 200 | 300000 |
| Total | 300000 | ||
ANNEXURE 2
MACHINERY EQUIPMENT/IMPLEMENTS
| Sr. | Function | Machine/Facility | Cost (Rs.) |
| 1 | TUNNEL | VERMICOMPOST BEDS 40NOS | 120000 |
| 2 | WATER | TUBEWELL | 90000 |
| 3 | WATER | WATER PIPELINES | 40000 |
| 4 | WATER | WATER TANK | 25000 |
| 5 | CLEANING | CHALANA M/C | 25000 |
| 6 | CUTTING | THRESHER FOR CUTTING | 30000 |
| 7 | PACKING | SWING M/C 2NOS. | 16000 |
| 8 | WEIGHING | WEIGHING M/C | 17500 |
| Total | 363500 | ||
ANNEXURE III
| TARGET PHYSICAL (Qty. & Value) Target | ||
| (1) Production | Qty in MT | Value in Rs 000 |
| VEMICOMPOST FERTILISER | 700.00 | 2100 |
| EARTHWARMS | 2.00 | 800 |
Excessive use of agriculture chemicals coupled with over exploitation of land and water resources has led to deterioration soil health. Liberal application of organic manures is need of the hour to restore soil health and improve soil productivity. Agro-industrial wastes like sugar factory press mud, groundnut shells, coir pith etc. can be converted into high value manure using decomposition techniques with cultures of bacteria, fungi and earthworm etc. Commercial scale schemes can be set up with NABARD's refinance. Schemes for conversion of city garbage into organic manures are found highly feasible and viable with technology from Excel Industries, Mumbai.
Pests and diseases reduce crop yields significantly. Agro-chemical use is costly to small farmers and has environmental hazards. When pesticides are used unwisely, pests can become resistant and can be a major threat to sustainable crop production.
Alternate eco-friendly technologies like bio and organic pesticides can be taken up with bank refinance.
Refinance from NABARD is available for setting up of large scale production units for bio and organic pesticides. Similarly interested entrepreneurs can set up bio-fertilizer production units, with proper market tie-up and extension agencies.
The State-wise production of biofertilizer is as below: Details of State-wise Biofertilizer Production for last three years (in tonnes)
| NAME OF STATES | 1999-2000 | 2000-2001 | 2001-2002 |
| Manipur | 11.40 | 1.67 | 0.23 |
| Delhi | 95.13 | 199.84 | 0.74 |
| Punjab | 1.70 | 2.03 | 2.0 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 2.38 | 3.61 | 5.88 |
| Haryana | 3.58 | 6.66 | 23.21 |
| Jharkhand | 34.24 | 38.06 | 29.21 |
| Pondicherry | 37.85 | 26.08 | 31.40 |
| Bihar | 49.37 | 50.37 | 33.90 |
| Assam | 234.78 | 64.02 | 62.32 |
| Orissa | 33.07 | 74.21 | 100.62 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 128.67 | 84.14 | 170.62 |
| West Bengal | 281.73 | 367.78 | 184.72 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 449.15 | 520.76 | 203.61 |
| Kerala | 245.40 | 304.49 | 294.22 |
| Rajasthan | 220.52 | 317.25 | 326.13 |
| Gujarat | 654.68 | 776.32 | 662.51 |
| Karnataka | 503.84 | 637.11 | 702.07 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 1713.07 | 1491.09 | 1756.21 |
| Tamil Nadu | 1808.81 | 1771.30 | 1946.34 |
| Maharashtra | 1125.29 | 1411.83 | 2547.58 |
| Total | 7631.66 | 8148.62 | 9083.52 |
AGRO-SHADE NET
Water Storage Project
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