1. The research and knowledge of Supernatural Power.
2. What are spirit and matter and their relations with each other?
3. The pleasure of Supernatural Power.
4. The concept of life after death.
5. Formulation of certain codes and rules for the betterment of society.
6. The concept of the reward and punishment for certain deeds.
7. Cause or causes of the differences among the religions.
8. Some information about various religions.
9. The superiority complex among religions.
10. Islam's main purpose and its later interpretations by vested interests.
11. Prayers for improvement of character and salvation of the soul (consciousness) by autosuggestion.
12. Organized religions and their interpretations, and after change of society, necessity of change in their codes and rules.
13. Knowledge of unity behind diversity of all religions.
14. Sufism - its aims and objects.

About the origin of the Arian nation, their first creation and their coming to Sindh have different versions. One group of scholars says that originally they came from Caucasus, from where they migrated to Persia, Central Asia, then to Sindh and India. Some of them went to Europe via Romania. There is a second version which holds that they originally belonged to the area of the Ural Mountains from where, through Central Asia, they came to Sindh, India, Persia and Europe. There is a third version also, that originally they belonged to north Siberia's Maru mountains, from where they migrated by different routes to Sindh, India, Europe and Persia.

Leaving alone these probabilities I will only deal with their coming to Sindh. Though several Indian historians are of the option that about ten thousand years ago, they came to Sindh from where they went to Persia, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and Arabia. Here they established their own habitats. Some of the historians go to the extent to say that even Ka’aba, of Mecca, was originally Shiv's temple. In its corner 'Hajre-Aswad' (Black Stone) was Shiv's Lingum. Going round the Ka’aba had also originated in those ancient times. Ahram was also originated from the Hindu Saniasies. Even the very name of Arabia has come from tile Sanskrit name "Horse", which meant that Arabia was the country of horses. It is written in "Manusumart" that one Brahman Shanker Jatishake was the first person who went to Arabia and was called by the name of Shaikh. As in Bharat, there is an honor to be a Brahman, so in Arabia the word "Shaikh" acquired social prestige. It is said that about 500 years ago, before the Prophet, Zahin-bin-Tai, a poet lived in Arabia. Whose poetry has been found in Constantinople's Museum. He has praised Krishna Maharaj.

It is said that during the days of Vikramajit, Arian Brahmans, used to go to Arabia for the preaching of the (religion) Vedic Dharam. One Arab poet, Noman-Bin-Adam, has written the poem in praise of Raja Vikramajit, which is said to be lying in Hamida Library, in Jerusalem. At present the Arabs do not believe in the theory of transmigration of the soul, but in the book named "Al-Minal Wal-Nahal, it is written that in ancient times the Arabs believed in the theory of Trans-migration, which was originally an Arian theory. In those days amongst the Arabs, Shiv's worship was prevalent. Umer Bin-Hasham-Bin-Haris, it is said, was originally a worshipper of Shiv. In Jamia Azhar, Cairo, there is a professor who in his magazine, "Al-Hilal", composed a poem that contains the name of Umer-Bin-Hasham. It is said that this poem was previously called Abul-Hakam that meant "Father of Intelligence". Though in his time he was an important and learned poet of Mecca, the poetry composed by him mentions that the praise of Mahadev greatly promote human status, and Bharat is a center of religion, where man gets salvation. The poetry can be seen in Cairo's Al-Hilal magazine, in its March 1932 issue.

Some Indian historians say that during the days of Hajj (Pilgrimage) wearing of Ahram (the two un-sewn pieces of cloth), and during Hajj even killing of lice was not allowed. This was a custom of the Aryans. Jews used to speak in the Tamil language. For verification see the book "Aria Varti" by Ganga Ram Samrat. From the recent archeological findings it has been proved that Darvadians, and Aryans inhabited Sindh, before Aryans, came afterwards. Though there is difference of opinion about their original time of coming to Sindh. From archeological findings it is said that Darvadians had their own civilization and citizenship. From Mohan-jo-Daro and other such findings this was the center of their civilization, which was about 1700 years before Christ. When the Aryans drove them out, the Darvadians became weak and served as untouchables and slaves and some of them were killed or driven out to South India. The Aryans, in tile beginning were less civilized and nomads and were fighting people. But when they found the cities of the Darvadians and came in contact with their civilization then, with mixture of the older civilization, they established their own civilization.

Thus the Arian civilization was a mixture of both civilizations. The Dravadian civilization was similar to Egypt, Summair, and Babul in its age as that of Sindh, with the difference in time. Several similarities are found. After research, it can be established as to which civilization was earlier. Mohan-Jo-Daro's findings are not yet complete, so it is possible that that the future may give such clues which may provide further and authentic information on the subject.

Spirits dominated animist and un-animist things. The belief was common between Darvadians and Aryans. A research of ancient Egypt's Summair's, Babul's and Sindh's beliefs and religious ideas shows that trees, animals, stars and zodiacs and spirits were common to both. The sky, sun, moon, planets, zodiacs, mountains, rivers, earth, fire and air had their spirits with different names. These are found from a study of their mythology. In view of that, if I narrate tile story of Trinity, it will not be out of place. We will narrate the Story on the basis of Puran-Shaster. It is said that Trinity existed in different form in Greece, Rome, Egypt, Summair, Fragia and Babylon. As Trinity is more or less the expression of different powers, therefore, I will narrate here the theory of Trinity as it was in India, which is the cradle of one of the ancient religions of the world. On the basis of that theory, the story can be narrated as Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiv were the original gods of Indian religion:

1) Brahma was considered the creator of the universe and administrator. Brahmanism, its original name came from the belief in the name of Brahma. In the beginning human knowledge had not progressed much, therefore, God was considered equivalent to man's concept and God was supposed to be with a wife, whose name was Saraswati. in the beginning, Brahma worshippers performed certain rites and recitation of certain names and made sacrifices. In comparison to the above-mentioned customs, ethical questions and social principles then had no importance. Tile followers of Brahma were mostly limited to scholars who considered the religion pure and gave it importance. But it was incapable of being understood by the common man. Its influence spread over Sindhi and influenced India's beliefs to a great extent. Knowledge of that belief required understanding arid performance of certain religious rites and recitation of certain names, mantras (incantations) and understanding of tile meaning and purpose of sacrifices. By these methods, Devtas (Gods) were to be pleased and peace of this world and tile other securities could only be found by these methods. It was believed that in this way man reached the stage of being a Devta and by acquiring these qualities lie reached the ability by which not only the present life but life after death could also be in his control. In things of this world man automatically became that complete being who could acquire anything he desire. Through such spiritual attainments he could control things according to his wishes.

Through these he could acquire knowledge of the universe and control its powers. If once he could control these he could get anything according to his wishes. And if he could not get these by his recitations or religious performances, then it was his defeat or shortcomings and not the defeat of above-mentioned things. It was believed that through these performances, even God could be molded according to man's wishes. During the Rigved period, Vedic Dharm is said to have had such powers in it. If these were properly performed, God's concept could have remained very high. But strict observation to certain formulas, incarnations, recitations and sacrifices reduce religious belief. So God's honor and knowledge was not increased but prayers were prominence. Shah Latif present poem seems to be under the influence of that idea:

His book 'Sin Gita' is considered in Vedantic philosophy the best book. According to the belief of this Hindu sect, God, in difficult conditions comes in the form of man and performs good deeds for the salvation of those in difficulties

In Shah Latif’s poetry, Leela Chanesar's and Kamod's devotion, obedience and self annihilation are properly explained, whose glimpse he seems to have acquired from Miran Bai's poetry.

SUR LEELA CHANESAR:

"The Lord of the Kingdom came for this purpose as a vagrant Fakir." These Sufis have spoken about the eternal beauty, which changes its forms in such a way that wherever they turn their head, they have found the expression of God. They saw that eternal object can be seen in a small insect, so it can also take the form of Alexander The Great. From that point of view the Sindhi Dervishes had to deal with various kinds of people. On tile one hand they had to deal with the learned and the civilized men, and on the other hand they had to deal with tile dwellers of forests and worshippers of animals and trees.

In order to enhance unity behind diversity, Prophets spoke of unity or monism on the one hand and the worship of animals on the other. It showed how the origin and progress of religion began. In this manner the religious reformers dealt with the subject instead of rejecting the old and replacing it with the new, as in the Qura'an it is said that wherever you look you will find the secret of God.

Islam on the one hand, speaks about unity behind diverse beliefs. And on the other hand ordains the people to round the old Temple, Ka’aba, and of running between the two mountains of 'Safa' and 'Marwa'. Sacrificing animals and kissing the black stone which is fixed in the corner of Ka’aba. asking the followers to wear the Sanyasi dress and shave their heads and throw stones at certain idols. and go to the shrines of certain Saints and considering the spirits of those saints as inhabiting graves and asking their help in cases of difficulties and allowing the recitation of certain "Wazifas", incantations of verses and apologizing before them for certain things.

There is a custom among the Muslims, and followers of other religions, that the dead may be buried and Qur’anic verses be recited, and after three, seven, eleven, twenty-one and forty days or twelve months, people are to be fed. All this is practiced due to the belief that the dead relative or friend will be pleased by these things which are given in their names. These old traditional customs and rites were retained, though these had originated from primitive beliefs.

Prophet Mohammed, who brought the message of universal peace and unity behind diversity and love of humanity, could have easily abolished the old customs, but lie did not do so. He did not want to displease the people by innovations only. Therefore both things continued. That is why even in the present age, when man has reached the moon. The followers of that great religion continue to spend lacs of rupees for performance certain customs and going to Mecca, Madina and other Shrines. Perform Hajj and visit the Shrines thinking that they will get salvation from their sins, and on the day of Judgement they will be benefited and go to Heaven. Our Sindhi Dervishes, from long ago, realized the real (inner) philosophical meaning behind all these customs, ceremonies and rites and said:

Sindh's and India's Yogis and Fakirs under their influence created a group of people through those methods, and solved the problems of the world. Shiv's Temple or his wife Durga (Kale Devi) were to be pleased by thousands of animals belief, was the conception that super-natural power of Gods or prevalent in every corner of the world in most of the nations, and all this was part of primitive religions. Behind this belief, the conception that super-natural power (of Gods or Devtas) was blood thirsty, vindictive and cruel, whom blood or flesh and the smell of burning fats could only please. All the misfortune and calamities, sorrows, troubles which fell upon human beings, were the result of Shiv's displeasure. Therefore, in order to please him, sacrifice was necessary. In the beginning every family or tribe or nation. in order to free themselves from the difficulties, used to go

God took two promises from Ibrahim, that lie himself along with his descendants will continue the custom of circumcision and that the second, of sacrificing of animals. In view of that his descendants will have prophets from time to time and the kingdom also will remain in their family. After that Ibrahim performed both ceremonies and ordered that both the ceremonies were necessary as the part of religion. If you analyze this statement of the Torah, you will find that Abraham’s conception of God was that of personal one which had the qualities of man. In Torah, in the chapter of creation, m paragraphs twenty-six and twenty-seven, it is said that God created man in His form (in His own image).

Shiv Maharaj, it is said in the books, He used to ride on an ox. From this the ox became sacred and worthy of worship among the Darvadians. in Egypt, Summair, Babul and Sindh, the archeological findings show such beliefs were also common here. in Dravadian civilization findings it is found that Sehwan (Shiv wahan) had Shiv's monuments. It is said the Munchher Lake was originally named the Mansurwar Lake, which continues to remain in the Himalayas. Round about Sehwan there are several places where Shiv's fairs were held. Gaji Shah, Luki, Ameer Pir and Jhimpir are some of the names of places of worship shrines. At Qalandar Shahbaz Mausoleum, there are bells equivalent to the bells of Shiv's temples; at Qalandar Fakir's tomb shaving of the heads and beards, in the mornings and evenings, are performed; fairs, dhamal and dances all these show the signs of Shiv customs. Inside the mausoleum of Qalandar Shahbaz, there is a stone that is called by the name of honey and butter. Originally it was lingum and Uni. Smoking of charus (Hashish, marijuana) and drinking of hashish is carried on as a religious ritual and most of. the Fakirs remain bachelors. All these ceremonial customs point to Shiv's religions remnants.

In Sindh there are several places where lingum used to be kept and worshipped. I have pointed the above customs of the Aryans and their predecessor's religion. Below I will point out the progressive religious ideas.

The Vedanta is a theory based on the teachings of Vedas and it was used to interpret the meanings of the UPANESHADS. The Brahmans, who were the authorized interpreters of religious books, categorized the following six interpretations of Vedic Dharam:

(1) SANKHIA
(2) YOGO
(3) MUMASA
(4) VEDANTA
(5) VASIKA
(6) NIATA

In Vedanta, the monist theory of the universe has been evolved and kept on the philosophical level of interpretation. The first interpreter of the Vedantic philosophy, who placed it in proper order, was "Pundit Badnyana". As his book was full of science and mystical meanings, therefore like other Sutra books, several interpretations of it were written. Among these Pundit Sankara's interpretation is considered of great importance. Pundit Badnyana lived in 800 A.D. Shankar's; Brimsutra's interpretation contains a lot of things, wherein he has supported Pundit Badnyana 'S main principles. Modern Bharat's learned Pundits, except those who were influenced by European thought, were mostly supporters of Vedanta's interpretation. Out of these three parts believes in Sankara and Sutra's interpretation. The remaining are the followers of other interpretations. The philosophy of Vedanta is based on ancient Upunshad's principles. According to this man's Atima (soul) has similarity with God, who keeps the position of universal spirit, which is eternal, unlimited and permanent. Its power is in control of tile entire universe. God (universal spirit) cannot be divided into parts, changed or finished. God (Brahma) was whole and in distributable. Without the existence of God, there was no other existence. He was one and there was no other but Him. (La Ilaha Illallah). According to Sankara's interpretation Vedanta was without duality. From the basic concept of this philosophy, those in this world there are different conceptions in various things of separate spirits. But in the Vedas, there were certain things in existence, in which the theory of transmigration (Awa Gawan) of the soul was accepted; and tile reward and punishment principles were acceptable as well as the separate personal spirit 5 existence was also accepted. These things were contradictory and different things. These were the result of ignorance and unconsciousness of tile material reality as dynamics of life on which existed the life of every man. On account of such hypothetical assumptions the spirit is considered to be separate from the body. Psychological and outward influences were against this. The existing universe was thought to be only Maya (Illusion) and all the expression of the creation was a fraud or an illusion. It was thought that as you go near to illusion, it will disappear. Therefore, you can only know it after proper knowledge. Its other example is like a dream, where you can see things as if they are near, hut after awakening these disappear that in universe there is only one thing which is above misconception, that is Atima (Rooh, soul). Its proof was not necessary. Its existence was its own proof. Therefore you cannot deny it. Its denial is reason for its existence. A thing that does not exist, you cannot deny. Rooh is spirit, which is beyond time, space and causation. Therefore its existence cannot be separated from God. The existence of God is its existence. Our existence cannot be separate from God. We have simply to peep in and know ourselves.

All these things have emanated from Vedanta. Through self-realization alone you can know the secret of diversity. Maya's ignorance, how that appears, from where it came.

That remains a secret. Vedanta philosophy does not look on it. According to it, when ignorance disappeared then know-ledge appeared and the secret will ~e known and that illusion, misconception, will disappear and Rooh (spirit) will be known to the universal spirit. World's diversity and its attribute conception will disappear, as Sankara believes in the Upanishad’s authority, therefore he was compelled to follow the point of view of prayers and recitations. At the same time the proposes to place Vehdaniat in two forms:

1. Secret knowledge: According to which he looks on every point from supernatural point of view. He comes out from Duality and then interprets Vehdaniat.
2. Wisdom of universal knowledge: According to which he preaches the religious point of view and persuades the work with the common people.

I am not thinking of explaining that minutely Vedanta's several interpretations. But it is sufficient to say that in Hindu religion, Vedanta is the higher explanation, customs, recitations and idol worship became prominent. So in order to renew and reform Vedanta, Mahatma Buddha on the scene.

MAHATMA BUDDHA'S RELIGION OR BUDDHISM

This religion, though it is based on Veda's interpretation, its foundation has been built on intellectual progress and performance of good deeds. That is, on human morality in which prayers and customs have not been given importance, but more emphasis was given on clear thinking. He freed the people from Jati System (Caste higher and lower) and persuaded people to train themselves on the basis of good conduct.

1. RIGHT THINKING:
Right thinking is that which is free from ignorance and illusion, that is, A CONSCIOUS ACCEPTANCE OF REALITY. Its intuitive urge can be love. Love is an unlimited desire, which can lead a person in the right direction.

2. HIGHER PURPOSE:
Right thinking can be fixed on the basis of love. An upright life can be a guide for a higher purpose in life.

3. RIGHT DISCUSSION:
Right discussion can only be based on truth, which should be open and sincere. Its basis should be kept on toleration, according to which, along with one's own view, the views of an opponent should be given respect. You cannot solve the problems of one sided discussion or views.

4. RIGHT DEEDS:
Right deed is the other name of good deed, and good deed is that which brings peace and unity among mankind. Does not lead to hatred. It depends on the principle of good to others and in it there is no selfishness. These deeds which are performed for the interest of the common people, and in which personal and selfish deeds are not given any place, are deeds which become the cause of one's country and community and in turn become the cause of human salvation.

5. RIGHT LIVING:
Right living can be called that kind of living which is free from the exploitation of others for selfish interest. In this kind of living no pressure or force is used. This life should not be by theft or violence. This should not be based on flesh and fish. That living should be based on grain or fruit got from earth, or milk or butter from the cattle. That living should not be through fraud or anti-social methods, or any act which is un-social.

6. RIGHT STRUGGLE:
Life is dependent on struggle and movement, but one has to see the purposes of the struggle. Work for the good of others, service of human beings, common benefit, and country’s welfare and common man's welfare can be called a right struggle. But selfishness, personal benefit and class interest and work for the limited interest of one's tribe or group cannot be called a right struggle.

7 RIGHT-MINDEDNESS:
Right-mindedness is that which leads one to coexistence and co-operation and which leads one's life in the right direction. Every moment is to be considered precious. and it is to be kept free from selfish desires and is to be utilized for the benefit of mankind. One must consider oneself part of one's country, nation and humanity. One has to keep aloof from selfishness and vanity. One has to merge into the whole.

8. RIGHT SACRIFICE:
Right sacrifice can be reached only when one has killed selfish desires. One who becomes a slave of slaves of humanity, should crush with tolerance all bad desires. Shah Latif seems to have narrated this poem under this influence:

Bedil Sam has explained the same idea as under:

1. What is body? if it has a beginning it also has an end. Therefore it is necessary that man should have know-ledge of the beginning and end of the human body.
2. One must think over the desires of the senses and their objects. A blind following of the senses leads one to unlimited desires.
3. Control of the senses requires the reformation of ideas. To save one's life from wrong doings, it is necessary to have the sense of discrimination.
4. To discriminate wrong from right, wisdom is necessary. The followers of this religion who think over the problems of this world, have created the idea of abandoning the world selflessly, sincerely; and right thinking group of people have devoted their lives towards the improvement of character, good deeds, love and message of peace.

Buddhists on one side tried to improve morality and good deeds of man and preached the message of love and peace. On the other hand, they tried to give right education and purpose of Vedanta. Afterwards, this religion produced the following two big sects:
I) HINAYAUM:
Hinayanum means smaller method for expression. Buddhism preaches men the message of NIRVAN PAD, the source of salvation. They say that the Atima (spirit) of men is involved in the circle of deeds; on account of which sorrows, diseases, hunger and such other troubles have surrounded the people. Therefore the ultimate object of the life should be directed towards salvation of the soul, from the circle of reward and punishment. and salvation should be the ultimate object of life; and that salvation can be achieved through right 'thinking, right doing and after that alone the Atima (spirit) will merge with' its Origin (God and thus acquire the stage of permanent pleasure.

II) MAHAYAUM:
Mahayaum is the greater method for expression. The followers of this group or sect, interpreted their teachings 'on the following three principles:

a) Acquirement of real knowledge.
b) Performance of good deeds.
c) Observance of simplicity and prayers (or mental devotion to morality).

1. Kaho-Jo-Daro stupa: Besides Mirpurkhas, Kaho-Jo-Daro is Mahatma Buddha's stupa, where his dust and bones are found. The stupa's present condition is, in spite of its dilapidation, in its original dignity and importance. Even now people give importance to his center.
2. Mohan-jo-Daro: From Mohan-jo-Daro, Buddha dharma's stupa's buildings have been found. From which it appears that in every big city, Buddhists had their great centers, for education and training of people.[2]
3. BARHMANABAD: Near Shahadad Pur. From the antiquities of Barhmanabad Buddha's temples and educational centers have been found. Though the Persian Emperor’s Captain Bahaman constructed the city, after whom it was named Barhmanabad. It is possible that there may have been temples for fire worship. But people were so much under the influence of Buddha, that Buddhists were able to construct their learning centers.
4. Sudharan-Jo-Daro: This is near to Tando Muhammad Khan, near Saeed Pur village on the top of a hill. One of these temples' findings show that on the other side Buddhists resided in great numbers and for their training and guidance, the center was constructed.
5. Budda-Ka-Takar: Is opposite Jherik, on the other side of the river near Ganjo Takar. A temple and educational center are found, which also served the purpose of lower Sindh Buddha's center.
6. Mir Rukhan-Jo-Thul: This is in Moro Taluka, near Bandhi station, where there is a very big mount of Buddha's temple. Chinese travelers have also spoken about the importance of this center. This mount is 87 feet in height.

After sometime when Buddhism started idol worship and celibacy as one of their creeds, they created vested interest with reaction. So, in reaction people went back to Brahmanism. And Brahmans with their new interpretation to the Vedic Dharm in India, most of the Buddhist centers came under the control of Brahmans. Raja Dahir came from a Brahman center, but in his days every corner of Sindh was filled with the followers of Buddhism. His own brother turned to Buddhism and became Bikshu (Buddhist monk). Right up to the immigration of Muslims, Buddhists continued to remain in Sindh. Difference between Brahmanism and Buddhism was like Judaism and Christianity. The first group emphasized on physical purity and prayers and recitation of certain words, and the other put emphasis on purity of senses and character - or personal morality in word and deed.

At the time of the immigration of Muslims into Sindh, the following remnants of Buddhist influence, in degenerated form, were found among the lower strata of the people. A group of persons who mostly depended upon begging, roamed as mendicants from place to place, and took consolation from intoxication.

Some such Muslim devotees started their Ashrams or centers, to reform the morals of the people and give spiritual training. But later, after their demise, their descendants turned these to their monitory advantage, as vested interest, using their graves as Shrines where people gave offerings in cash and kind as it was said that by such offerings their desires would be fulfilled. Thus these Shrines became sources of income.

Buddha's Bikshus spread the belief in evanescence of material things and as such every minute of life to be devoted in doing good deeds, so that in the next life (to come) lie would acquire a better incarnation. As Muslims did not believe in the concept of incarnation, treated this world like the shade of' a tree and a future life's promise, passed this life without doing anything. Therefore the good deeds and passage of life lost its glamour.

Prayers and recitation on certain words took importance over right thinking and right deeds, so the latter lost importance and people fell in the trap of Mullahs and Pirs. They thought that prayers and recitations would mold God’s. As my purpose has not been to give a detail of Buddha Dharm teachings, but only to show that this universal religion also had left its influence on the people of Sindh, though in their turn they had become Muslims. If you make a psycho-social or socio-philosophical research on the lives and teachings of Muslim Dervishes of Sindh, like Shah Inayat, shah Latif, Sachal Sarmast and other Sufis of Sindh, you will find that they acquired a lot from the early teachings of Buddhism. For instance in Shah Latif's poetry "Sur Rip" "Khahori" "Brawo Sindhi" "Ramkali" and "Pirbhati", you can find philosophical influences of the teachings of Buddhism.

SUR RIP:

SUR KHAHORI

SUR BRAWO SINDHI: (In memory of the beloved)

Latif says that Lahuties have killed their desires of heart.' The Samis after passing through desert and are near habitation."

SUR PIRBHATI:

JAINISM

The religions, which had influenced Sindh, among those, as I have mentioned before, were animist and inanimist religions, which had considerable influence. Among these, Trinity, Vedic Dharm, Buddha Dharm, were mentioned before. Now I will give a few facts about the third religion, Jainism, which also had great influence on the Sindhi people. The founder of this religion was Mahatma Mahavir, who was said to be the last prophet of Jainism. About 23 prophets had passed before him. Mahatma Mahavir's time of preaching was more or less the same, that is Mahatma Buddha's period of 500 B.C. Prophet Mahatma Mahavir was born in Kum-gram (village) at a distance of 37 miles on the north of Patna. Like Mahatma Buddha, he was also the son of a Raja. When he became 30 years old both of his parents died. He passed 11 years in prayers and became a recluse. Began walking naked. After he got illumination he remained alive for 42 years. He died at the age of 72 years. He got the Nirvanpad (salvation), at the village of Para. He died before Gotham Buddha. It was 480 B.C. His followers were divided into two sects:

1. SWEMBRAS

2. DEGAMBRAS

His followers lay more emphasis on renegation. Therefore, many of the books were lost. But those that remained were written in Mugadi language, which were afterwards translated in Jain Maharashtri language. At present a sufficient number of these books are available in Jainism. Their principles were divided into two sects:

i) One was dedicated to the understanding in the main philosophy of life, and

ii) Second one gave attention towards the life which was lived in good deeds. The Jain philosophy was based on findings of reality of life and supernatural powers and psychology. Their deeds were on the basis of Buddha Dharm, improvement of character and life of preparation for the renegated workers. The second group treated the methods for good conduct of life. For instance when one was in practical. life, in order to free himself from mistakes, for him a certain code of life is necessary. The third group was concerned in finding how best a perfect life could be lived, that was its code of life. The fourth group tried to live with the best conduct of life.

1. He had come with a message of love for the unity of mankind.
2. He considered non-violence as the key for love and unity.
3. He considered the various classification Jatties (castes) as a useless thing for the salvation of mankind.
4. He considered love, peace, and service of making which can be achieved through the improvement of personal character.
5. For the teachings and training of mankind on right lines, he organized groups of selfless workers who started the preaching at centers for the training of their followers.
6. This religion, though based on the lines of Vedas and Upurishides, due to reformed information, was against the blind following of the Vedas. Jams would think on every question mentioned in the Vedas, according to personal knowledge. It had no faith in absolute truth of the interpretation of Vedas, for conduct of human life. Unlike Muslims, who consider Qura'an as the final code for human beings for all times, the Jains rejected preconceived quotations.

In their swembras, Sadhu used to wear white dress and discussed the principles of Sankhia, Yoga and considered their own opinions f~ be right. They thought the spirit of man after passing through many incarnation, in right direction, will get salvation through incarnations.

They, however, had some different methods for salvation. They were of the same opinion about the philosophical knowledge of mankind. According to which they had accepted the different forms and spirits of men changed into different forms as was the case of physical body. In the same manner the spirits also went on changing their form and knowledge. As nothing was permanent on this earth, so the spirits (Atimas), or God's conception, was also not always the same. They were also capable of changing and did not believe in permanency of anything. As both of them, Buddha and Jain, had created groups of selfless workers, therefore to the Western intellectuals teachings of Buddha and Jain were considered the same, which was not a fact. Jain Dharam was eternal and without beginning and without an end. Upanishads said that universe existence was without a beginning and end and change. As against this Buddhist said that existence itself was not permanent or unchangeable. But the Atima (spirit) itself after passing through various stages and incarnations, would ultimately be annihilated. Shah Latif, on account of the influence of this thought said:

They considered the existence theory not fixed. Their meaning from the existence of things was permanent in the so-called method of knowledge, but their qualifications and conditions were changeable and capable of disappearance. As the earth is durable, but its qualities and forms are changeable. The earth can remain for a longer period but things created from earth like bricks, dishes, color and forms were changeable and perishable. From the Brahman point of view, the existence of any being was part of universal existence. But according to Jain belief, all these were changeable.

Jain's second sect was Degambras who used to live and walk naked and were later known as Naga Sadhus". Their main principles were as under:

1. They were the believers of Ahinsa (non-violence) so they would not kill any life.
2. Everything of the world was considered as evanescent, therefore there should be no attachment to those things.
3. They, like birds, did not have permanent abodes and went on changing from place to place. They thought living on one place creates attachments and liking for those things.
4. They used to go permanently visiting various shrines and learning and training from different sources.
5. They had no business with worldly affairs as they thought such matters would create attachments and liking for those things, which were not permanent.
6. When Buddhist influence was on the decrease, Jam influence did not decrease. The reasons are as under:
7. The Jain religion was fixed within certain limits and its followers had not created vested interests. Therefore, they were saved from the competition with other religions.
8. The followers of this religious sect have no permanent residence in villages and towns. Their dwellings and temples were mostly on the mountains,[5] forests and wilderness, therefore they did not come in conflict with people of other religions. They, like Buddhism and Brahmanism, did not create vested interests. These persons like Christian Sisters passed their lives outside the cities and towns in caves or grottos.

There is a chain of mountains between Mardan and Malakand Port. In between these there are two places on high altitude known as Takht-e-Bai and Fort Facing these two spots goes a path along the chain of mountains called "BUDDHIST PATH". The Buddhist monks went on foot on this path-crossing Swat and to Dir, over the River Swat. Local folklore among the regional Pathans, had it (during 1953.55) that a ferocious (savage) tribe lived in that area, which attacked any passing stranger. These Buddhist monks, principled in non-violence (AHINSA) kept no weapons. But when attacked on this high mountain path, by those savages, some were killed. Later the monks defended themse their bare hands, having acquired the noble art of self-defense: JUDO-KARATE. Informed opinion has it that this was the origin of the art of Judo-Karate, begun by the Buddhist monks out of necessity of self-defense, without weapons.

SUR KHAHORI:

SUR RAMKALI:

BEDIL FAKIR of Sindh also said:

ZOROASTRIANISM

This religion is a branch of Arian Dharam, whom Mahatma Zarthusht, on the basis of Vedas and Aresta, placed before the people of Iran. Sindh and Iran had long-standing connection with each other. After Darvadians, Arian influence came to both the countries. Persians, for a long time, had control over Sindh. From that time the Zarthushti beliefs left their influence in Sindh.

There were several places where fire (worship) temples were constructed. Sun worship was the main belief of Zoroastrianism. Signs of these can be found from various places of Sindh. Bhambhore, Bhimpura was the city constructed in honor of the Sun God. A foundation of this religion was based on the supremacy of the Sun.

rent and secret things were kept in view. Each thing was seen from two points of view. On one side there was light and on the other there was darkness, On one side there was truth and on the second disbelief, there was matter and on other side there was spirit. From these points of view they looked upon the supernatural power from two attributes. One named Aharmaz and the other Aharmun. One was considered leading towards righteousness and the other towards disbelief. In this philosophy, the contradictions were shown in such a manner that several other religions took lessons from this teaching. Hindu Sankhia teachings interpretation are on the same basis. Muslims tried to place the "Wahadat-ul-Shahood" on these lines. Vehdaniat, Wahdat-ul-Wajood philosophy was not only prayers, recitation of certain verses for reward and punishment, paradise and hell, appearance and secret, there were created such contradictions that this ideology tried to remove tile belief in deeds. Aristotle tried to get benefit from the teachings of Zoroastrianism. But Arabs also tried to get benefit from these teachings. This philosophy took the shape of duality, under which some things in the world are considered higher and some lower. Love was placed opposite to hatred. Light separated from darkness. Sindh, before the spread of this philosophy of Duality was dominated by the philosophy of Wahdaniat or monism. But during these days of Khwaja Ghulam Ahmed Sarhindi, in the name of Shariat-Islami, Muslim supremacy was shown, which became the cause of hatred between Hindus and Muslims. It left its influence, during the days of Mullah Hashim Thatvi in which, under the leadership of Pir Sarhindi, in outward appearance Muslim laws and show of simplicity and religiosity increased. On account of which, during the days of Kalhoras, Sufis of Sindh were compelled to say:

"This and that, life and death, beloved and lover, enemy and friend are all one."

In various religions the outward law speakers of religions could not understand; and hatred and duality replaced religions based on love and unity. Thus religion was divided into three sects - Mazdahic, Muthra and Manni. The interpretation of their teachings, the contradictions will be explained below:

MAZDAHIC:

The founder of this sect was Mazdahic, the son of Bamirah from Somania province. He was born in 500 A.C. He took power in the days of Sassani Emperor, Kuwad, who came into power in 488 A.C. He was the supporter of this sect. But as from the past centuries, Zoroastrianism was the religion of the Government of Iran, religious mobids of Zoroastrianism. had created vested interests in their religion. Therefore, in spite of the support of the Emperor, bureaucracy and religious heads created opposition against this sect, because their (Mazdahic') beliefs were against the interests of these upper classes, with the result that they removed the emperor, Kuwad, and brought in his place 'jainshib' and placed the reigns of. government in his hands, and thus a quarrel started between these two groups. In that Mazdahic himself was killed and Prince Khusro came to the throne. The basic principles of this sect were as under:

1. When in the country various tribes were dwelling and in every area the land and other things belonged to that particular tribe, which was dominated and exploited by certain powerful men. So it was suggested, by this sect, that land was the common property of all. Therefore only few persons were not to be allowed to utilize it for their personal interest.
2. All the persons, without the distinction of caste and creed, were the creatures of one God, therefore it was the will of God, that the entire property be utilized for the benefit of all the people. The earth belonged to God. It is to be used for the best servants of God. Therefore, the followers of this sect forcibly confiscated all the property and distributed it among the common people. It was identical to present day Communism. Subsequently Arabs also followed the same principle. They confiscated the property of other nations and appropriated it for themselves. Difference between Mazdahic ideology and Muslims was that Arabs appropriated the property of other nations, or tribes, for their own benefit but this sect confiscated and appropriated the property of their own country and tribes.

This sect was also a branch of Zarthushti (Zoroastrian) religion. The word "Muthra" is derived from Mahar, which means Sun. In many of the ancient religions, sun was considered a great God and a powerful Devta. In Egypt, Ossirus was considered God of Sun, which was the first God of their trinity. In Bablian, (Babylonian) Bail was the representative of Sun. Therefore, the Babylonian civilization's entire basis was on the Solar System and Astronomy. Iran was near to Babul and for some time was under its influence. Therefore there also Shams or Mahar were considered main God and worshipped. On our side of Sindh and Hind, the Sun was presented in the form of Birma. The sun creates light and heat. Light represents wisdom, righteousness and truth. Against it darkness stands for ignorance and untruth. These are Ahramani attributes, which are called Satanic. Heat is an incentive to life. if there was no heat, then no man, animal or vegetable could be created. Therefore the entire creation and continuation of it depends upon the sun. The Parsi religion's first prophet, Mahatma Zarthushtra, in his book Zindavista, Muthra and Aharmaz had been given the same status. Ancient Iranian Emperors, Darius, son of Histapur 485 B.C. and Astagurgus 358 B.C., on their tombs Aharmaz and Muthra are both shown. In ancient days the lion was considered a representative animal of the Sun. Even in our times the Iranian flag shows Lion and Sun's emblem as sign of Aharmaz and Muthra, which represent the old tradition. From archeological findings, one picture has been found in which a lion is killing an ox, symbolizing the Lion as the Sun and Ox as the Earth. This means that the sun is dominant over the earth, and when sun sets, its rays over tile earth enables animals and vegetables to be created. These views originally were taken from Egypt and Babul. The Iranians and Sindhis subsequently adopted these. Muthra sect slowly went to Greece and Rome where it became the part of their religion and Christianity adopted these several things. Christianity from Muthraism adopted God, Sun and Sheep as symbols. Most of the religions have taken several things from each other. With the evolutionary changes of society and advance of their civilization and religion, later generations took over such things from each other. From research on the subject it will be found that Sindhi civilization and religion had adopted many things from Muthraism.

MONISM:

In Iran's main religion of Zarthushtra, the fourth sect was Monism. This represented the mystic aspect of the Iranian religion. It started during the third century A.C. The name of its founder was "Methanuse", which was changed to the name of "Moni". It is said that lie was born by 216 A.C. in the city of Babul. From the beginning he held the concept that he used to get intuitions from God. After reaching maturity, he went to Egypt and there he acquired the mystic aspect of the Egyptian religion. After that he came to Palestine and also acquired some secrets of Christianity. Later he returned to Iran where Emperor Shah Pur, son of Ardeshir's brother, on account of this royal patronage, lie came to middle Asia, Sindh and Middle India and then went on to China. Here he learnt the spiritual secrets of the religion prevailing there. On account of his experiences and acquirements, he came to the conclusion that beyond all the religions there was the basic unity of all the religions. His religion, like other religions, was based on the philosophy and principles of "Unity behind Diversity". His religion insisted on the mystic side of the religions and philosophical interpretation of the entire creation. He gave less importance to

prayers, recitation of certain formulas and religious customs. His teachings were based on the Zarthusht, religion of duality, where right and wrong, light and darkness played an important role. He tried to explain all religious formulas on the basis of reason. But he was of the opinion that certain things which could not be solved through wisdom, these could get through intuition, on account of which he used to solve the problems. He used to say originally light and dark-ness were one, but were not mixed up. Light's influence was unlimited and darkness was limited. The ruler of the kingdom of light was God, whose control was on all the things. The ruler of darkness was Satan who was not permanent, but had some powers through which he could control certain things. In the beginning, he spread darkness in the world and began to interfere in the domain of the God of light. But when he

came face to face with the God of light, he could not stand the refulgence of the sun. So he started hatred against righteousness. God created prophets and reformers who used to curb his teachings. Prophet Moni, after his knowledge to explain the unity behind the religions of Zarthusht, Gothum Buddha and Jesus Christ used to say that not only among the men but also among animals, trees, and inanimate things, God's spirit prevailed and through that the world was maintained. So the world was going on with the combination of both. He used to say that when heavenly light would go to the 'sky for over thousand years and half the struggle between right and wrong will continue.

Ultimately the right will prevail. He used to say in the beginning that man, on account of animal influence, was under the domain of Satan. Satan had misled the ancestors of mankind "Adam and Eve". After that, from time to time, God sent prophets for the improvement of mankind. His sayings were not liked by Zarthushti vested interests. On their instigation the Emperor Bahram got him killed. His teachings had influence in the East and the West for a long time, but on account of fear of outside religious influence, it was kept secret. His books could not be saved from onslaughts of other religious heads. It is said that his workers were divided into various groups, who tried to separate their secrets from outward teachings of religions. The leader of all secrets was he himself. He did not propagate the idea of prayers or recitation of certain words or facts or customs. The special quality of his method was that his followers should free themselves from certain things. So they tried to put emphasis on right thinking and eating and freed themselves from wrong doings and did good deeds for the good of humanity. The thing, which he emphasized most, was that his followers should keep free from wrong thinking and desires. They mostly kept free from the flesh food and wrong sexual indulgence. Their main workers did not eat fish or flesh. Some of them did not even pick fruits and vegetables from the trees, but depended upon the fruits and vegetables acquired by others. Among them, the advanced men used to take food once a day and dress once a year and keep free from idol worship and remained celibates. Those persons used to fast on Monday. Their prayers did not ask God for forgiveness of sins or asked for benefit. According to their belief, sins could not be forgiven, except by keeping them away from things, which were sinful. The original idea was not the committing of sin or to bring your mind to that extent, rather you would not even wish for things, which were prohibited. They classified persons in three categories:

1. SELECTED
2. COMMON PEOPLE
3. SINFUL

JUDAISM

This religion is based on the principles issued by the great grand father of all Semitic prophets i.e. Hazrat Ibrahim. It is said that Ibrahim had two sons, one was Hazrat Ismail and the other Hazrat Ishaque. From Ismail Prophet Mohammed brought Islamic teachings, and from Ishaque's progeny was one son named Jacob, whose second name was Israel, and all the prophets who came after him were called Banu Israel. Among them the main Prophets were Moses, David and Jesus. They are called master of books. Moses was the founder of Torah book, and on which the Jews based their religion. Hazrat Dawood spread his teachings through the book "Zaboor", and the third was Jesus Christ who spread his message through "Injeel" (New Testament). Moses was the founder of Judaism. The name of this religion was based on the name of God, whom they called 'Jahwa'. He (Moses) preached his message through "Torah" whose interpretation was done through "Talmud". The Jews called themselves "the selected nation". They left the worship of other Gods and followed 'Jahwa' (God). Like Muslims, they said there was no other God excepting Jahwa. Their grand father, Ibrahim, was born in Babylonia, which was in Chaldia country.* It is possible that their ancestors came from the Mediterranean area. The main points of Judaism are as

1. To pray to one Jahwa and not to believe in other gods.
2. For the guidance of Banu Israel, he left teachings through "Torah" and interpreted by the Talmud, which was the creation of Mosaic Laws.
3. Circumcision.
4. Not to eat pig (or Swine).
5. Please God by animal sacrifices.
6. Which eating of some animals declared lawful and others unlawful fixed Law.
7. Laws were fixed by which distribution of property and marriage was fixed.

1. Jahwa was not an all-powerful and omniscient God. He was not to be present everywhere, but was a God with greater power who was the supporter of Israel. He used to hear the prayers of Israel and came to their assistance. If anybody talked with the superior knowledge then he was considered to be possessed by God. Sometimes madness was also considered spiritual.
2. Jahwa, when he came before his worshippers, he used to come in man's form, and to his enemies he came in the shape of death sometimes. He appeared in the form of "typhoon" or black cloud or lightening.[6]
3. Jahwa used to bring troubles and death to the enemies of Israel. Behind the clouds he used to appear in the form of an angel. and lightening as if the 'Cobra' snake was showing his wrath. The desert people had faith in spirits. Friendly spirits were considered God or his angels. They used to give sacrifices to obtain his pleasure. Some times Jahwa appeared in the form of wrath (earthquakes, volcano lava or floods).
4. Israelis had the belief that God showed them Himself in dreams during the night and disappeared in the day, and many things for the future were told by Him in dreams. [
5. Israel had the belief that God stayed on the mount of "Sinah". Therefore they had constructed their religious prayer house on the top of that hill. And after the conquest of Kinyan (Canaan) they constructed their prayer houses on the earth and considered God to stay there. Jerusalem was considered God's house, as Muslims at present call the old building of Ka’aba "House of God". Now-a-days Muslims call their mosques 'House of God'.
6. The Jews considered certain wells and lakes as pure. From which it was considered that God had blessed these places. Israelis considered the well of Thahim pure. Muslims also, following them (Jews) considered the well (spring).of Zum Zum to be pure and its water is considered beneficial.
7. Israelis considered some stones pure and sacred. For instance inglade, bethol, Zoin and ophera stones were considered sacred. Muslims also, in the same manner, considered Hajre-Aswad sacred and kiss it to become free of sins.
8. Israelis considered some pieces of land, like Palestine and Jerusalem sacred; in the same manner Muslims considered Mecca- and Madina and Arab countries as sacred.
9. Banu Israel used to believe in the curse of efficacy of prayers. They used to go to Jerusalem and prayer houses and mausoleums of their prophets and' saints. Muslims in the same manner go to Ka’aba, Madina, mausoleums of Imams or their saints for the fulfillment of their wishes or for begging for their help, to be rid of troubles and women pray at such tombs to get a baby.
10. Israel’s religion was considered to do good for their community and salvation of Banu Israel only. Because they considered themselves a selected nation (a chosen people of God) and rest of the people as "gentiles In their footsteps Muslims also started saying that a Muslim is a brother of another Muslim. One Muslim should not harm the other Muslim. Muslims were alone entitled for salvation. No animal killed by a non-Muslim will be good for eating. Muslims were pure people and the rest were Kafirs, impure and most of the books of other prophets have been cancelled. There was a time when Muslims used to eat food prepared by Muslims and took water only from a Muslim's hand. Food prepared or water brought by a non-Muslim is prohibited even today. There are some persons who still cling to such belief.
11. Israelis annually meet at Jerusalem and perform prayers and some customs by which their purpose was to show that they belong to the same nation; and by meeting annually they will increase their unity and their sins will be forgiven, and their sacrifice will be accepted. At such sacred places nobody could meet except the people of Banu Israel. Muslims also, on the same basis, meet at Mecca for performance of Hajj and perform some customs and ask for prayers, which they consider would give their salvation. For that purpose, Muslims from all over the world meet at Mecca, perform prayers and certain customs, give sacrifice's and go round the building of Ka'aba and run between the two hills, throwing stones at two pillars. These are the customs, which Muslims perform. No non-Muslim was allowed to perform Hajj. The ancient Israeli belief about God was not that of a God of the universe, nor a creator of earth and sky. Their belief was' 'Jahwa', God of their nations; and in the same manner other nations and their own Gods, like "Chemash" was God of Moab, "'Malkan" was God of Amman.' These Gods were assigned to particular countries and to other nations and they used to protect them. Jahwa, like the God of other nations; was a separate God with separate existence. Slowly Jews began to believe that Jahwa was superior to other Gods. He could bring wrath and trouble to the people, and also benefit them. Therefore it was necessary that sacrifice be annually performed for His pleasure; and Jahwa expected Israel to be faithful to 'Him. He used to assist Israelis in wars and thus they considered Him their "Warlord". He used to appear before the Israelis at times of troubles, and His dwelling on the top of hills. Israelis were the custodians of those Shrines, who afterwards called themselves descendants of Moses. After some time, for the protection of their shrines, they kept Castries slaves as their custodians. So that they should be away from any sex indulgence. In the same manner Muslims also at Ka'aba and mausoleum of Prophet, started keeping Khwaja Saras at those places. Israelis preferred to die in Palestine to get salvation. Muslims also in the same manner preferred to die or be buried in Mecca or Madina. Ancient Israelis considered the course of spirit having great force, and in order to get their wishes fulfilled they used to offer prayers or make certain sacrifices for the fulfillment of their desires. For the pleasure of that God they used to give food to beggars. Israelis also believed that certain persons had the power of intercession with God, by 'which they could get their prayers accepted.

1. One of them was Spenoza who gave the religious ideology, a new conception from which Christians as well as Muslims took advantage.
2. Karl Marx - On the basis of materialism,' advanced the theory of communism and brought a new conceptional revolution in' the economic field.
3. Sigmond Freud -, Threw new light on psychological on a scientific basis which brought a new outlook on psychological research.
4. Einstein gave birth to the theory of "Relativity", which gave the world to understand the conflicting points of view. Thus this nation produced' several persons who benefited the world. From Jews the Zionist movement started. Who thought that in order to get their country and Government, it was necessary that religion and politics should again be joined together. The Jewish Industrialists and Capitalists had supported this movement. Ultimately on account of their influence the Britishers and Americans created a country named Israel, in one portion of Palestine. Its area was about 8050 sq. miles, but on account of their money and influence, in modern Europe and America, they slowly defeated the Arabs and conquered several parts of Palestine. Even today, in spite of world opposition, they occupy Arab territory and nobody can remove them. Their population in that area is about 30 lacs, and on the other side, Arabs are nearly 5 crores. What may happen in the future is not yet clear. Today there are two countries in the world, Pakistan and Israel, which call themselves religious states or nations. They have mixed religion with politics. Modern Zionist movement was supported by new theory of Moosio Meldson, who changed the policy of separation from other nations and gave a few touch to the religious outlook of the Jews, from which they had actually not come out from tile very beginning. He translated the Bible from Hebrew into German and established a university in Berlin in which several Christians were allowed to be educated. He introduced the system of coeducation on account of which bigotry gave place to tolerance. So the wall of separation, which had remained between Christians and Jews, was broken. In Spain one Emperor gave religion a new shape and created a "Crans" sect, which brought the Muslims and Christians near to each other and Hebrew and Arabic language books were translated into Spanish.

On the mount of Sinah, God had ordered the Jews, wherever the name of God will be taken, people will have faith in it. Their God's blessings will appear. Now they have started saying that' every good man, of whatever nation or religion was entitled to salvation. Today all Jews are not of the same opinion. There are many who still believe that Jews alone are entitled to salvation, and they are a selected nation of God. Several of their philosophers are of the opinion that everywhere God's blessings will be apparent. From that point of view they are not of the opinion that the division of nations should be made on the basis of religion. They say that bigotry in Canaan was not performed on account of their religious bigotry, but that there was political divisions behind their rivalry. Previously there was a belief among the Jews, that their religion was complete and the best and so propagation for conversion into it (Judaism) was necessary. But after translation, of their books in other languages, they consider it not necessary that they should utilize force in religion or prohibit people from going out from their religion. Now they have come to the conclusion that right education, right propaganda, good deeds 'and 'a good character is the right course for the teaching of their 'religion. At present they consider the ultimate object' of their religion is to reform their right education and performance of good deeds. At present the pivotal point of their belief is written in pathetic book in which God says: "You have to be pure because I, your God, am pure". It is equivalent to Muslim belief that:

"You should bring yourself according to attributes of God."

Now-days the learned group of Jews are of the opinion that it is better to perform good deeds, adopt a good character rather than perform prayers and follow the laws of religion. In the 18th chapter of the "Yahweh" book, it is written that "while reading My book and My orders, you should think more on the performance of good deeds". At one place it is said that forgiveness can only be achieved with returning of a theft, and .no sacrifice can be accepted without forgiveness of sins. These persons also believe that asking for the forgiveness of sins from God, it is better not to commit sins.

It is said by those Jews that in their golden age they used to prefer truth and sincerity more than prayers. Safety of mankind and following of the right persons and love of human beings were main principle of their teachings and traditions, and according to Prophet Jeremiah, acquiring the knowledge of God, meant the acquirement of truth and love was the key to religion. And the same Prophet says in another place, anybody who is exaggerating things, will not be entitled to God's blessings'. The real Jew held the belief that God is merciful and just and wants peace and safety. It is written in Talmud, that humility is better than sacrifices, and any man who does not learn from religion the lesson of love and mercy should not be considered a religious man.' He has not known the secret of the knowledge 'of God. Modern Jews say that the thinking is better provided it leads to the performance of good deeds. The 'purpose of reason and knowledge should be performed by doing good deeds and working for peace. God's right knowledge and pleasure can only be achieved through the performance of good deeds'. The true Jews say that acquirement of peace of mind and performance of good deeds,' is better than right faith. Religious laws should be utilized for the performance of good deeds and right character. According to them that man alone will be entitled to the blessings of God, who speaks the truth and does not malign anybody. They say that others will not like a thing, which you do not like. That is the fundamental point in their ethics. Rest of the things follows it. They say you should love your neighbor just as you love yourself. Your ethical ,duty is that you should consider all the human beings as creatures of God and treat them equally. It is said in Talmud that a Kafir (infidel) having a good character is better than a great-learned man among the Jews.

They say that everybody who does good deeds and has a good character though he may belong to any religion, is entitled to salvation and be in paradise. It is said by the learned among the Jews that for contradictions of belief, let the bigots fight among themselves, but this thing should be borne in mind that the man who performed good deeds and had a right character will not be wronged.

It is written in Talmud that in the interpretation of truth without right feeling, religion cannot have any meaning. It is also said in the Talmud that God's path and pleasure is hidden in the saying that people should love each other and remains in peace. Good deeds are those, which were not good in appearance, good deeds, can be those which can reform character and benefit human beings. It is said in the Talmud that sitting in seclusion with peace and performance of prayers do not bring so much blessings of God as the performance of good deeds. During the performance of duty any trouble or harm suffered brings more nearer to perfection. Duty is an achievement and God loves performance of duty. fear of God is less' beneficial than performance of duty for tile good of humanity'. It is said in "Zaboor" that the humble man will be the master of the land. It is also written in the Talmud that it is better to be humble rather than cruel. Anybody who is blamed should not reply and who is right and blamed unjustly will shine like the Sun. It "will be better to forgive rather, than take revenge. It is written that to keep good feelings it is better to love one's opponent. 'To have mercy on animals does not mean that you should save them from trouble, but that should be a, sign of man's being merciful, better character and perfectness. 'It is also written that without difference" of religion, tribe and nation, one should be helpful to others, during' illness or death. It is in the tradition's that when the Egyptian's were being drowned in the sea, when following Israelis, angels were feeling happy. Then God warned them that "My creatures are suffering and you are feeling happy?" It is said that one true "Rabbi" employed God not' to make anybody his enemy, neither to put enmity against anybody in his mind,. Just faithfulness and charity should be done to all men without distinction of caste and creed. Good deeds are pearls and fear of God is its thread. If the thread is broken, then pearls will scatter. Religious performance without character is a lifeless thing. Good deeds are the spirit of religion. That person will not be a true Muslim who does not know that Judaism is like the trunk of religion, Islam and Christianity are its, branches.

CHRISTIANITY

The founder of this religion was Jesus Christ, whom Muslims call Hazrat Issa.  He was born in the province of "Gulail" from the body of "Mary", wife of "Joseph". They used to remain in the fishermen's .village near the seacoast. Jesus had a brother (John the Just) and two sisters. It was a custom in those days that important person was considered Cod's incarnation, therefore it was believed among the followers of Jesus, that Jesus was not the' son of Joseph, hut of God, in the shape of Rooh-ul-Qudus" (Holy Spirit) which was the source of his birth. Bibi Mariam was a virgin. Joseph was he betrothal. When Bibi Mariam became pregnant, in order to save her honor, Joseph proclaimed that he was married to Mary. In a similar manner the King of Macedonia, Philip, got Alexander the Great. In order to raise his prestige, it was proclaimed that Alexander was not the son of his father, but God was his real father. In the same manner the traditions among Hindus is that Sri-Krishna and Ram Chander were incarnation of God Vishnu, who were born of their mothers. These are the old traditions 'of ancient folklore. Hazrat Issa (Jesus) was from the Israeli Jewish tribe and 42nd descendant of Hazrat Ibrahim, the fourteenth descendant was Moses and the 28th descendant was David (Father of Solomon). After him (David) the Jews were conquered by the Babylonians, and kept in their slavery for fourteen generations. When the Persian Emperor Cyrus conquered Babul, he freed the Israelis and sent them back to their country where, in the village of Bait-ul-Hukum, in the Yahudia village, he was born. At that time the king of the Roman Empire was "Herodatus". After the birth of Jesus his parents migrated for some time to Egypt. After the death of Harodatus, who was against the Jews, they came back and stayed in the area of "Gulail" (Galilee). At that time Yuhuna Prophet John the Baptist) used to live in the desert and baptize people. Yuhuna used to wear the cloth spun from camel hair. Hazrat Jesus went to Yuhuna for baptism, when he (Yuhina) told him (Jesus) that "your status is greater than mine I am going to baptize you because you have come to me" After that Jesus remained in the wilderness for 40 days. There 'he passed through various stages of deep thought, prayers and experience. In those days Pales-tine was under the rule of the Roman Emperor, whose Governor used to remain in charge of that country, but for the local administration, the rule was entrusted to the hands of Jewish leaders. Jews, like the Brahmans, were staunch followers of the Mosaic laws. At that time Jerusalem was the center of the people of Banu-Israel. They used to run the government according to Mosaic laws. Their annual function was performed when Jews from all over the country came for visiting and sacrificing. Jesus, who had obtained spiritual powers visited Jerusalem twice. There he came to know that in the Mosaic laws, several unwanted innovations had been added, and without their reformation it was difficult to reform these people. Therefore he put all his emphasis on good deeds and greatness of God and His grace. In order to prove to the people that he was a Prophet, he performed certain miracles. After the performance of miracles, thousands of people from various corners of the country came for relief. Moses had said to his people that when Mosaic laws will become weak, then a prophet, Messih, will be born, who will then guide them and get them their lost glory. Therefore they started thinking to get their glory through him. They thought that he could turn their miserable condition and bring them their former glory. But they had not clearly understood when he used to tell them that if they followed him, they would be entitled to the Kingdom of Heaven. They thought that Kingdom of Heaven would be the same as the Kingdom of David and Solomon, but Jesus preached to them the need for Purity and self-control and not to crave for worldly powers. When be moved ~r preaching in the villages, thousands of people gathered round him. Then the 'spiritual leaders (Rabbis) told him' that if he was really the Promised Prophet, then he should get them the kingdom of the country as in the days of David and Solomon. While he moved about villages, his popularity increased day by day.

During his tour he expressed certain views which were against the law of Moses and Jewish traditions. For instance among the traditions, Saturday was considered good for prayer, when one had to remain at peace and free from the worldly affairs. Some people who were ill came to him for being cured. Some times he helped them and they got cured, and he worked on Saturdays also, which was considered by the Jews to be a day of rest, Then the religious leaders of Israel talked to him about strictly following the laws. He replied that the laws were not everything as those were made for the benefit and reformation 'of the people, so people were not to be bound down to follow the laws as these are meant for people, and not the people were created to follow them. These things were against the minority interests of the "Rabbis" and "Kahins". He told the people that human salvation did not depend on strictly following of the shariat (laws) but that grace of God was something also on account of such expression, they turned against him. Because that decreased the influence of custodians of Israeli laws, therefore their antagonism increased.

He refused to believe in the efficacy of sacrifice and salvation through prayers. Jesus said that God was not pleased on account of blood sacrifices. But he being merciful God, was pleased by good deeds and by giving relief or help to suffering humanity. Freesin and custodian of Israeli hierarchy did not like this view. Among the Jews it was an old belief that during the downfall of the Jews, Prophet Jesus would come, who would get them a kingdom and bring to them their lost glory. But he knew that he couldn’t get them any kingdom through miracles. Because he knew that the real persons entitled to rule were the true men of character who were servants of God, and who on account of their good deeds would benefit their nation. Therefore, it was necessary that the character of people should be improved through good deeds and by service of humanity rather than by prayers and sacrifices, which God does not want or get, but men eat.

There was a belief of Jews, from ancient times, that after sometime a prophet would come to improve their conditions [5] and get them back the (independent) kingdom of the country and old glory. When, therefore, Israelis asked him who he was, he replied that he was the "Son of God" and the promised Prophet. But from this one misunderstanding grew; Israelis thought that if he was really a Prophet he would get them the kingdom through his miracles. But Jesus knew that for the government of the country those were only entitled who were men of character and did good deeds. But the Israelis had not acquired these qualities so the first need was that they should be prepared intellectually, morally, spiritually, and be of good characters. After that alone they would be entitled to rule. "But as they had lost their efficiency by putting emphasis on sacrifices and prayers and religious customs, therefore they had to be prepped first for the Kingdom of Heaven spiritually. When through that, they became men of' character and good deeds then, automatically they would be entrusted with power. But Jews, Freesin and Rabbis who occupied the local posts in the government and decided questions, in accordance with the Mosaic laws, could not understand these questions and they thought that by following Jesus; they would lose their power. So long as Jesus was touring the villages and preaching for spiritual progress to the common people, up to that time they tolerated him because he did not come in clash with their vested interests. But when in the annual gatherings in Jerusalem lacs of people met and he started preaching to the gathering and on account of his miracles men’s belief in him was increasing, the custodians of synagogues got frightened and considered his teachings against their traditions. Jesus used to come into town during the day and sleep in the forests, on the mountain during the nights. Once he entered the town riding on a donkey, thousands of people came in his procession. It looked as if a king was, passing through the streets. This popularity of Jesus displeased Israeli custodians. Especially when they knew that this boy, came from the village of 'the fishermen, on the back of the sea, and he was the son of the Carpenter (Joseph) and he dared to work against their beliefs and- called himself the promised -prophet. Then they began -to conspire' against him in order to bring about a conflict between him and the Roman Government, in order to punish him. So they started asking him such questions so that he may come in conflict with the Roman Empire. Once they asked him as to whom they should give taxes. He asked them to bring him a coin on which the Roman Emperor's portrait was embossed. He replied to them "This coin belongs to the Roman Emperor. Therefore it should go back to him". Several times they tried to involve him in trouble with' the Government. Every time he got himself out of their intrigue. At last they called a conference of the Israeli leaders and raised the questions, where they decided that anyhow they should get him killed But by that' time his followers had increased to such an extent that it was practically impossible to arrest him during the daytime. And during the night he used to disappear in the wilderness. Where few of his followers were near about,' one' his followers named Yahudia, was bribed to show them his hiding place to enable them to get him arrested. One night when Jesus was sleeping alone in the forest, Yahudia, along with the Jewish police, went and got him arrested. When he was brought before the court of the Jewish leaders, they immediately proceeded with the case and sentenced him to death. But in those days the death sentence could not be executed without the permission of the Roman Governor. Therefore they, after convicting him, took him directly to the Governor. Jesus already knew what was going to happen and he was ready for it. Because he had reached the conclusion that salvation of the nation and the human being could only be achieved through his own sacrifice, whereas the Jews believed that the real 'prophet could only be he who may obtain for them the worldly kingdom. But he Jesus was of the opinion that nobody, no nation or people could achieve power without good deeds and moral character. Therefore he had preached to the people to train them on the spiritual basis to be good. But on account of centuries of wrong belief they could not understand. Further more, he considered the right deeds and good conduct were better than following of Jewish 'laws. On the other hand, the Jews had put all the emphasis on mere outward purity and following of Mosaic laws and the attainment of ruling power. Christ was a saintly person and the Jewish leaders were imbibed with the idea of sacrifice. Christ wanted to bring the people directly in contact with God, while the Jewish leaders wanted their own intercession necessary for salvation. The night on which they wanted to get Jesus arrested in that night's supper there were twelve (Havarians) present. Jesus told them that "One of you will spy and get me arrested, the rest will run away". So it happened that Yahudia got Jesus arrested and the council of the' Jews' sentenced him to the cross. Then they immediately brought him to the Roman Governor. The Governor saw that the judgement passed by the leaders was not correct, but due to political reasons he did not want to displease the Jewish leaders. He ordered the punishment of whip lashes and a crown of thorns to be worn by him as punishment Thinking by that punishment the Jews will give up the idea of punishment of Christ on the cross, But the Jew leaders were cruel, so they insisted that Christ should be crucified. Ultimately the Governor, in order to please the leaders, on their request ordered him to be hung on the cross: On one side there was the question of one man's preaching of new ideas and reforms, on the other, the Governor' considering the question, supported the Jewish leader's:

After hearing the Judgement, the leaders immediately dragged Christ towards the cross' and there,' along with two other" thieves, he was, killed by nailing his hands and feet. He was buried.' Next day when the 'Jews went to the grave they found that his body had disappeared. Then many Stories were told about his disappearance. Some said they had seen his body being carried away by angels towards the sky and he was alive. He will be sent again for salvation of humanity.

On this question they were divided in to two groups; one said that angels took his spirit to the skies and the other said that his body and spirit both had gone to the sky. Abraham’s followers adopted several things from each other. First it is said that Ibrahim saw God and invited Him to his tent; after feeding Him, spoke with Him and God entered covenant with him, and he gave a sacrifice to please God. After that when the period of Moses came in Palestine, he on mount Sinah, spoke with God. Here he erected a sacrificial place and gave sacrifices. Similarly, in his time, Jesus sacrificed himself for the good of humanity and he became alive and went to Heaven. The same belief is held among, Muslims. Then he rose from the dead. God sent for Prophet Mohammed on the sky and spoke to him and showed him the skies. About this there are two versions. One group is the opinion the Prophet Mohammed was sent spiritually to Mairaj (Ascension), and the second group holds that he went to the sky bodily as well as with his spirit. Thus it will be seen that the following answers of Ibrahim believe that they believe in God, though they were named different but all of them believed in the personal conception and personal attributes of one God. If Ibrahim sent for God, in the tent and fed Him, that also is a concept of a personal God. Covenant of God, sacrifices and circumcision show the personal conception of God.' Hazrat Moses meeting with God in mount Sinah, and speaking to Him and ordering to fight and sometimes showed his displeasure and sometimes offering "Mano and Salwa" were also signs of a personal concept of God. It is said, in Torah that God said: "1 have created man after my own Image". This (Torah) saying shows the personal concept of God. Hazrat Jesus was created by God through incarnation of God inside his mother's womb and, called Jesus His son. After his physical death, he, came to life and was lifted above and after death, through, miracles, he brought certain dead persons to life (like Lazarus) and thereafter, some time they returned back to their own to: lead their usual life. It is said he also killed Dajjal (anti-Christ). All such things, were beyond human conception.

Prophet Mohammed’s conception ₉f going to Mairaj and speaking to God on seventh sky. About Jesus's life it is said that once in Galilee he, went on preaching and giving good news to the people and curing them from illnesses and difficulties. Several persons gathered behind him and he, in order to preach to them, mounted the hill and delivered a sermon. This sermon is called the "Sermon on the Mount". The main portions of his teachings are that God's blessings fail on the poor and pure hearted. They will get spiritual kingdom: "Blessed are those who are unhappy here". God will bless them in the future. Those who are blessed are going to be the custodian of earth. Blessed are those who on the path of righteousness remain hungry and thirsty. Ultimately they are going to be happy. God will bless those who are merciful. Blessed are those whose heart is pure. Because are those who bring peace to the people. Because, like children, they are doing God's work. Blessed are those who, on account of going on the right path, are made to suffer. So pleasures of the future will be a heritage of those who are travelling on the right path. "People malign you after hearing my views. They trouble you and malign you. Do not care for them. Because through that alone you are going to gain happiness. In future those will get a reward, who have suffered in the past. You are salt of the land. If you lose your selfishness, you will not be considered of any use. You can duly be thrown on the earth to be trod upon by the foot. You are the' light of the world. The city which is constructed on the hill cannot be hidden. A lamp after burning cannot be kept under shelter. Rather it is to be kept on a higher place so that the whole house should be illuminated. In the same manner your light should shine before them, so that after seeing your good deeds, people should praise your 'Father in the sky'. Do not consider that I have come to reject the writings of the Torah or of other prophets. I have come to reform and guide them. I am telling you the truth, so long the earth and sky are in existence up to that time the sayings of prophet will not be without fulfillment. Whoever follows righteousness will be considered great before God. You have "Freesin and Saduqeen" otherwise you will not get real happiness. You have been told - Do not kill anybody because you will be punished from the court. But I tell you that you should not show anger to any human being. Because that is also punishable. Whoever calls another mad is entitled to punishment. Whoever calls others ignorant will be entitled to punishment. When you go for sacrifice on the sacrificial ground and you remember that you have displeased some persons then you first go to get pardon from that person and then offer sacrifice. Then it will be accepted. You have to give an account of every paisa (money) which you owe others. You have been forbidden to commit rape on other men's wives, But I tell you that even to look other's wives with a sexual motive is equal to rape If your eye misleads you, take it out and throw it away so that your body may be saved from hell. You have been told that if you are displeased with your wife, divorce her. But my advice is to anybody who divorces his wife who has not committed any sin, will be like the person who had permitted his wife for rape. You have been told not to take a false oath, but my advice to you is no.. take an oath at all. Your saying should have such value that it should be equal to an oath. You have been told that in retaliation if somebody has broken your teeth or taken out an eye, you do the same. But my advice to you is that do not contest with your enemy. If somebody slaps you on the right cheek you give him you left cheek to slap. If anybody disgraces you by taking out your coat. Then you should hand over your shirt to him. If anybody takes you by force one mile, you go with him willingly on another mile also. If anybody borrows from you something do not deny. You have been told that you should love your neighbor. And whoever harms you ask for his forgiveness. Your Father is in the skies. You should be his true descendants. Because he raises the sun for good and also for bad. He sends rain from the skies for the benefit as well as for loss. If you love those who love you, what benefit will you get. If you salute your brothers, what good do you do? People of different countries do the same. Your Father who is in the sky, He is complete, you have to be complete like Him"

Shah Latif inspired by his spirit says:

All these Injeels along with certain letters from Havaries books are called the New Testament. It is said that Christ was uneducated. Once he was reading, then the Jews got confused and said, "You are illiterate, then how do you read?". He replied "I am reading through the Grace of my Father". He said that only those persons who loved me are the persons who followed my advice". He once said that "I have come from God and will go back to Him".

In the same manner Muslims say they came from God and will return to Him. Christ said that he has not brought a new religion, but he has come to reform previous religions because of the change in social conditions. All prophets, doctors, reeshis and Munnis have come from God, for the guidance and advice of human beings. But when afterwards their followers considered their messages and education, they finally discarded these due to material requirements of the time and tried to safeguard the vested interests, and then new prophets used to come. But followers of previous prophets, finding their monopoly breaking, opposed the new prophets. This process has persisted throughout human history. Power and monopoly have been man's weakness from savagery to civilization.

When the learned men of the Jews did not consider the changed conditions and tried to blindly follow the old customs and laws of Mosaic teachings. According to the requirements of time, Christ came to reform the religion, but the new leaders opposed him and got him crucified. From a research one will find that the laws of Moses and of Christ are branches of Abraham’s religion. So I have come to the conclusion that the following questions were the main cause of differences:

1) The followers of Hazrat Moses were divided into two groups, Saduqeen and Fareseen. In spite of the difference in religious interpretation, both were of the view that following the Shariat Mosavi was necessary, as it was final and not to be changed.

Hazrat Jesus was of the opinion that on account of the change in the time and conditions, religious codes and laws needed suitable modifications. But the persons who were authorized interpreters of Mosaic laws considered change in these against their vested interest, so they opposed it. They insisted on strict adherence to those laws. Hazrat Jesus said that emphasis should not be on the laws but there was grace also which was to be counted. Shah Latif has translated that idea as:

3)The Jews, like Zoroastrians, considered God having two attributes. One of punishment and other of mercy. In order to pacify the attribute of punishment sacrifice of blood and fat was considered necessary. Bu Jesus was full of mercy and love. He like his Father, used to love all his creatures. All the troubles which fall on the, people are the result of their bad deeds and not on account of the wrath of God. Shah Latif has interpreted it.

Therefore Christ did not consider the giving of sacrifice necessary. That was the third cause of differences between Christ and the orthodox followers of Moses.

4) The Jews were told that the main purpose of religion was reformation of character and peace and prosperity. For that reason they were told to follow the laws of Moses. But the followers for the performance of these laws considered violence necessary. For its fulfillment they considered mixing religion with politics. Therefore they considered the formation of a government for spreading of religion necessary. Israel was a small nation which lived in a limited area, and around it there were big empires and in order to fulfil their religious laws, conflict with the neighboring countries became un-avoidable. Christ taking a lesson from history was of the opinion. That violence and force should be given up and love, giving of peace to the minds should take their place Jews Saduqeen and Fareseen were trained and accustomed to use violence for their fulfillment of religious laws Moreover they had acquired vested interest and so had lost the sense of tolerance. When Jesus instructed them that instead of punishing the sinner, the path of forgiveness should be adopted; instead of taking vengeance from the enemy, he should be treated with love and affection. The orthodox rigid and formalistic Jewish Clergy (Rabbi) considered these things against their laws and traditions, therefore they opposed every effort of Jesus to reform the Jews.

5) From centuries the Jews had the belief that in case of their downfall, the promised Christ will come and get them back their kingdom. But when Christ actually came and said that he was the promised prophet, they then expected that he would free them from the slavery of Romans and get them back their kingdom.

But Christ, considering the conditions concluded that committing of violence would not benefit the Jews. Therefore the first thing was for them to devote their time and efforts in reformation of their character and adopting right deeds. Therefore he told them that the best government was the Kingdom of Heaven, for which force and violence was not necessary but the path of love and winning of hearts will have to be taken. But the Jews could not understand these spiritual and valuable methods. So they insisted on getting of political power and government for which they had thought for all the past centuries. At present Christ, instead of getting them worldly power, preached for the acquirement of spiritual happiness. The Jews did not like this and they went against him.

6) After Moses, Israelis seem to have been divided into groups:

1. The first group was called Saduqui, who were Sardars (leaders) and learned persons of the tribe.
2. Second group, Faresin, was the lawgivers. Under the supervision of Saduqeens they used to run the administration, the Judiciary and Executive.
3. The third group was of the poor masses, who were subordinate to the first two groups. They were in trouble and difficulties,

7) Like Brahmans, Israeli Sardars and learned people considered themselves as a selected nation and above other nations. The Israelis practical circumcision was a compulsory rite (Khatna). Therefore they considered those persons who had not performed circumcision alien to their religion and nation. Their conception of God "Jahwa" was the God of Israelis, and they considered salvation also as their own right. But the conception of God, before Christ was that He was Father of humanity and the creator one. Shah Latif said that:

10) Approximately, Jesus came fourteen hundred years after Moses. In between these two prophets had appeared in the world. Apart from Israelis in the East several prophets had appeared like Gothum Buddha, Mahatma Mahavir and Zarthushta, who had brought the new messages, new hopes, new thinking. It is likely that Christ may not have been informed about their teachings. Most of the prophets came from God, and they came on account of historical requirements and necessity of time, and on account of spiritual continuity they were necessary. But the Jews could not understand their meaning and purpose on account of their narrow mindedness and conservation. They started opposing him but Christianity, in spite of difficulties, went on spreading. For some time this went on underground then afterwards openly, with the result that the Roman Emperor himself became a Christian. Today among the entire humanity, 40% or 50% are Christians, due to their right methods and beliefs they have reached this stage.