Psychological Disorders: Inhalant Dependence

American Description
A. Inhalant abuse: A destructive pattern of inhalant use, leading to significant social, occupational, or medical impairment.

B. Must have three (or more) of the following, occurring when the inhalant use was at its worst:
Inhalant tolerance:
Either need for markedly increased amounts of inhalant to achieve intoxication, or markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of inhalant.

Greater use of inhalant than intended:
Inhalant was often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended

Unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control inhalant use:
Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control inhalant use
Great deal of time spent in using inhalant, or recovering from hangovers

Inhalant caused reduction in social, occupational or recreational activities:
Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced because of inhalant use.

Continued using inhalant despite knowing it caused significant problems:
Inhalant use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been worsened by inhalant

European Description
A cluster of physiological, behavioural, and cognitive phenomena in which the use of volatile solvents takes on a much higher priority for a given individual than other behaviours that once had greater value. A central descriptive characteristic of the dependence syndrome is the desire (often strong, sometimes overpowering) to take volatile solvents. There may be evidence that return to substance use after a period of abstinence leads to a more rapid reappearance of other features of the syndrome than occurs with nondependent individuals.

Diagnostic Guidelines
A definite diagnosis of dependence should usually be made only if three or more of the following have been experienced or exhibited at some time during the previous year:

(a) a strong desire or sense of compulsion to take volatile solvents;

(b) difficulties in controlling volatile solvent-taking behaviour in terms of its onset, termination, or levels of use;

(c) a physiological withdrawal state when volatile solvents use has ceased or been reduced, as evidenced by: the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for volatile solvents; or use of the same (or a closely related) substance with the intention of relieving or avoiding withdrawal symptoms;

(d) evidence of tolerance, such that increased doses of volatile solvents are required in order to achieve effects originally produced by lower doses;

(e) progressive neglect of alternative pleasures or interests because of volatile solvents use, increased amount of time necessary to obtain or take the substance or to recover from its effects;

(f) persisting with volatile solvents use despite clear evidence of overtly harmful consequences, such as depressive mood states consequent to periods of heavy substance use, or drug-related impairment of cognitive functioning; efforts should be made to determine that the user was actually, or could be expected to be, aware of the nature and extent of the harm.

Narrowing of the personal repertoire of patterns of volatile solvents use has also been described as a characteristic feature.

It is an essential characteristic of the dependence syndrome that either volatile solvents taking or a desire to take volatile solvents should be present; the subjective awareness of compulsion to use drugs is most commonly seen during attempts to stop or control substance use.