Research
Notes
The Wicoffs of Pendleton Cty, KY
WICOFF, WIKOFF, WICKOFF, WYCOFF, WYKOFF, WECOFF,WICUFF, WICOUGH, WYCHOFF, WIEKOFF
The individuals in
this first table are believed to be siblings based on their ages. All are found
in
Links in this document
include references, researchers, offspring and also false leads. Click on
hyperlinks to go to connected information. Use your browser’s back button
to return.
Note that the 1790
Virginia Census (where we believe these
Record of ages &
locations |
1800 Federal
Census for KY no longer exists |
1810 Federal
Census Relationships not defined in census, but
are implied by researcher |
1820 Federal
Census Relationships not defined in census, but
are implied by researcher |
1830 Federal
Census Relationships not defined in census, but
are implied by researcher |
1840 Federal
Census Relationships not defined in census, but
are implied by researcher |
1850 Federal
Census 1st to list all names and also
birthplace. |
Offspring |
m. Peggy MONROE 1809 m. Sarah/Sally LOVETT 1815 |
Tax list for Pendleton Cty,
KY 21 Aug 1800 as Wikeoff |
26-45 Pendleton Cty,
KY |
26-45 Crawford Cty, IL
as WYCOFF |
40-50 |
60-70 Perry Twp, Marion |
Henry is deceased. Wife Sarah/Sally with
her son, Wm. C. WICOFF. She is listed
as b. VA. |
Elizabeth/Betsey WICOFF
McFarland Son of 2nd wife w/ 1st
husband: |
m. Mary GRIFFING 1819 |
Tax list for Pendleton Cty,
KY 21 Aug 1800 as Wicoff |
26-45 Pendleton Cty,
KY |
45+ |
See below ↓ |
Believed deceased |
|
(maybe) |
m. Peggy CRISLER |
Tax list for Pendleton Cty,
KY 21 Aug 1800 as Wikoff (this could be elder John
listed below) |
|
|
50-60 Two males of this age are in the household |
60-70 |
Believed deceased |
Elizabeth WYCOFF James Lewis WYCOFF |
m. William WESTROPE 1804 |
|
William & woman 26-45 Pendleton Cty,
KY |
William & woman 26-45 Crawford Cty, IL |
50-60 Morgan Cty, IL Widow, head of household |
60-70 A female of this age is in both the
household of Richard and of Wm. (Jr.) WESTROPE |
77 She
is listed as b. VA. Died 15 Aug 1850 |
John, James Lewis, Dulcena,
Samuel, William, Richard, Thompson, Sarah and Mary |
m. Nehemiah SMITH 1802 |
|
Nehemiah & woman 26-45 Pendleton Cty,
KY |
Nehemiah: 26-45 With woman 45+ Pendleton Cty,
KY |
Nehemiah & woman 50-60 Pendleton Cty,
KY |
Nehemiah & woman 60-70 |
67 She
is listed as b. VA. Dies 1853 |
Susannah Smith |
Susannah WICOFF m. William SMITH in Culpeper Cty, VA 12 Aug 1793 with Baptist
minister John HICKERSON officiating. This couple goes on to Pendleton Cty, KY. |
|
Three different William
SMITH listings in Pendleton Cty, KY Daughter Nancy SMITH m. Hannah BRYAN Westrope’s son John WESTROPE 1812 Campbell Cty, KY |
|
This Wm. Smith supposedly buried in |
|
|
|
Theory: Below is a different John WICOFF, probably
older, than the John WICOFF listed above. He is probably a relative, perhaps
even the father of the above probable siblings. His marriage to Hannah BRYAN Westrope is recorded in Pendleton Cty,
KY. However, there is a lack of evidence that Hannah dies, or that the two
divorce, in order for him to be the John WICOFF who marries Peggy CRISLER
Griffin in 1816.
|
What little is known |
John WICOFF m. Hannah BRYAN Westrope
8 Apr 1802 in Pendleton Cty, KY (Wichoff & Westsope in
record) |
Hannah BRYAN (dau. of Wm BRYAN & Mary BOONE) b. 1765 VA. Married to
John WESTROPE in NC on 18
Aug 1784, bondsman Daniel Boone BRYAN.
John WESTROPE d. 1787. Online trees suggest possible alliance or marriage by
Hannah with John PARSONS after John WESTROPE, and another possible alliance
or marriage with James WILSON before John WESTROPE. Her children include
three with birthdates to go with John WESTROPE: William, John, and Richard.
Also three or four that were probably not fathered by John WESTROPE:
Elizabeth, Dulcena (different person than Dulcena dau. of William
WESTROPE), and Abner WESTROPE and Hannah PARSONS. Since one Mary
PARSONS ends up bonded to James WICOFF in 1822, that may suggest that this
John WICOFF had died by then—if Mary PARSONS is the offspring of Hannah
BRYAN Westrope WICOFF. Online trees
disagree about Hannah’s death date. One has death date as early as
1808, most are much later, in Oct 1843 or 1846. One tree suggests that John
WICOFF had a daughter, Mary, from a previous marriage. This is a logical
connection based on the fact that Mary WICOFF becomes the spouse of Hannah BRYAN’s son William WESTROPE.
Note that our table above includes this Mary. Another of
Hannah’s sons marries Nancy SMITH, daughter of Susannah WICOFF and
William SMITH (see above). A third son, Richard WESTROPE, marries Marg.
Holton Lansdown in 1813 in Hannah BRYAN’s brother Samuel is married to Mary HUNT
Bryan, who is the Mary Bryan, Pioneer Woman who now has an elementary school
and her burying ground in Perry Twp, Marion Cty, IN
named after her. Hannah & Samuel are the children of William BRYAN and
Mary BOONE, sister of the famous frontiersman Daniel BOONE. It is highly possible that this John WICOFF
dies as early as 1810 and Hannah is absorbed into another household (she does
not appear on census records anywhere we can find as a head of household).
|
References
v
Born
abt. 1779 perhaps in Culpeper Cty, VA.
v
v
v
v
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Henry Wicoff m. Peggy MONROE 21 Dec 1809 Pendleton Cty, KY. Personal consent by Alexander
MONROE, bondsman Wm. LANCASTER
v
Federal
Census 1810 Pendleton Cty, KY, Roll 8, p. 113: record
is marked over, unsure of ages & number of people in household, but what is
there would accommodate at least Henry WICOFF and wife Peggy.
v
v
Henry
WICOFF m. Sarah/Sally LOVETT (widow
of Elias LOVETT) 12 Jan 1815, Pendleton Cty, KY.
Bondsman: Wm. C. MONROE
v
Federal
Census 1820 Crawford
v
Henry Wicoff & wife Sally baptized May 1824, according to Dry
Creek Baptist Churchbook II, Kenton Cty (formerly Campbell Cty), KY.
Transcribed online: See geocities Baptist Home Pages.
v
Federal
Land Grant 15 Nov 1830 of 80 acres in
v
Federal
Census 1830 Perry Twp, Marion Cty, IN Roll 28, p.
192, line 16. Henry WYCOFF household includes 1 boy under 5 (should be Wm. C.
WICOFF), 1 boy 10-15 (should be James Henry WICOFF), 1 male 40-50 (should be
Henry WICOFF), 1 female 15-20 (speculate that this is Betsey WICOFF), 1 female
40-50 (should be Sarah/Sally).
v
Federal
Census 1840 Perry Twp, Marion Cty, IN Roll 88, p.
243, line 9. Henry WICOFF household includes 1 boy 10-15 (should be Wm. C.
WICOFF), 1 male 60-70 (should be Henry), 1 female under 5, 1 female 10-15, 1
female 30-40 and 1 female 50-60 (should be Sarah/Sally). Speculation: Betsey
WICOFF McFarland and two daughters may be living with Henry. I don’t find
Thomas McFARLAND listed locally, though there’s
a Demos Z. McFARLAND over in Grant Twp that could be
Thomas, and a Thomas McFARLAND up in Hendricks Cty—both are age 30-40.
v
A listing of members of the Buck Creek
Baptist Church which became Southport Baptist includes: Nehemiah & Sarah
SMITH, Edmond & Mary LOVETT, Abraham & Susan SMITH, Henry & Sarah
WICOFF, Thomas & Betsy McFARLAND, Frank SMITH;
Rebecca PERKINS; Elijah, Susan, Elizabeth, Francis, William & Sarah FORSYTHE, Benson & Deborah CORNELIUS, and
Nathaniel and Polly VICE. Nathaniel VICE appears on the 1810 Campbell Cty, KY census.
James WICOFF
v
v
Pendleton
Cty, KY Court
Records 13 Dec 1802 p. 150. James WICOFF appointed road surveyor.
v
Pendleton
Cty, KY Court Records 14 Feb 1803 p. 160. James
WICOFF ordered to be road surveyor.
v
Pendleton
Cty, KY Court Records 14 Nov 1803. p. 200. Claims
were paid to …. James WICOFF …
v
v
v
v
Pendleton
v
Federal
Census 1810 Pendleton
v
v
James
WICOFF m. Mary GRIFING 11 Nov 1819
v
Federal
Census 1820,
v
Grant Cty KY Historical Society Probate Abstracts, Vol. 2 says
that Pendleton Cty, KY Order Books C-D 1815-1823 show
one Mary T. PARSONS, “Infant bastard child who
has no estate to support her,” bound to James WICOFF 19 Aug1822 till she
turns 16. An “infant” in those days was simply a minor. Typically,
a child would be bound out if both parents were deceased, or if one parent was
deceased and the other could not support him/her.
v
Various
deeds, Campbell Cty, KY. James WECOFF sells land to
Jeremiah GRIFFING. Witnesses include Wm. GRIFFING and Asher FOWLER in 1827 and
James ANDERSON and Henry WECOFF in 1828. Transcription is copyrighted: See USGenWeb archives.
v
Federal
Land Grant 15 Nov 1830 of 80 acres in Section 28 of
John WICOFF (husband to Peggy CRISLER Griffin)
v
Additional leads for John
v
Delinquent
tax list Pendleton Cty, KY 8 Nov 1802 (for 1801) p.
143. Said to be removed to Harrison Cty, KY, p. 146.
(Could be John, the elder Wicoff)
v
v
Delinquent
tax list Pendleton Cty, KY 1805 (for 1804) P. 13, 20,
23 (could be John, the elder, Wicoff)
v
1812
Campbell Cty KY Property Tax list index includes name
transcribed as John WUOFF.
v
Various
deeds, Campbell Cty, KY. Land transaction 29 Aug 1815
John WICOFF from Bartlett GRAVES. Transcription is copyrighted: See USGenWeb archives.
v
John
WICOFF m. Peggy/Margaret CRISLER Griffin (daughter of Leonard CRISLER and widow
of Thomas GRIFFING) 6 Jul 1816 Campbell Cty, KY.
Bondsman William BRYAN (nephew to Hannah BRYAN Westrope
Wicoff). (Tho. GRIFFING on
1810 Campbell Cty, KY census)
v
Federal
Census 1820
v
John
& Peggy (wife) Wicoff received by letter, May
1821, Dry Creek Baptist Churchbook II,
v
Appears
as John Wykoff on list of early Shelby Cty, IN settlers
(1821)—this is tricky, considering the continuing presence of John
Wicoff in the records of Dry Creek Baptist Church in
KY, yet see next:
v
Selected
deed abstracts, Boone Cty, KY 11 Apr 1828 John
WICOFF/WECOFF
& Fountain HOFFMAN of Shelby Cty,
IN involved in land transaction with heirs to Leonard CRISLER/Elisha CRISLER.
Thomas MADDEN also named. Transcription is copyrighted: See USGenWeb
archives.
v
Federal
Census 1830
v
Federal
Census 1840
Mary/Polly WICOFF Westrope (wife
to William)
v
Born
1783 in
v
Mary/Polly
WICOFF (record reads WICUFF) m. William WESTROPE, (son of Hannah BRYAN Westrope Wicoff and John
WESTROPE) 9 Aug 1804 Pendleton
v
Grant Cty Historical Society Probate Abstracts, vol. 2, p. 10
says that Harrison Cty, KY Court records of 1800, p.
233, show that William & Richard WESTROPE had been apprenticed to James McMURTRY, tanner & currier, with the consent of their
mother, Hannah. The record lists the boys as “infant
orphans of John WESTROPE, dec’d.”
(William WESTROPE b. 1783 in NC, his brother Richard b. 1786, so they were
about 17 & 14 at this time.) James McMURTRY’s
wife was NancyAnn BRYAN, daughter of Samuel BRYAN,
who was Hannah BRYAN Westrope’s brother. So
Hannah’s boys were still under the care of family.
v
William
WESTROPE listed as Circuit Court juror in Pendleton Cty,
KY at same time as James WICOFF (1810).
v
Federal
Census 1810 Pendleton
v
Pendleton
Cty, KY tax lists 1811 18.5 acres, 1813 19.5 acres S.
Licking and town lots, 1816 63.25 acres Crooked Creek for William WESTROPE
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Campbell
Cty, KY marriage lists include three of the WESTROPE
children: WESTROPE, John m. Nancy SMITH 10 Sep 1812, bond Robert SMITH;
WESTROPE, Dulsena m. John SMITH 15 Feb 1816, bond
John WESTROPE
v
IL
State Census 1818 includes William WESTROPE in an area of Crawford Cty, IL in present-day Lawrence Cty,
IL.
v
Federal
Census 1820 Crawford
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William
WESTROPE d. 1825 IL
v
Federal
Census 1830 Crawford
v
Land
grants Morgan Cty, IL Mary WESTROPE, two in 1831 at
14-N, 10W
v
Federal
Census 1840. Can’t find Mary/Polly WESTROPE as head of household.
Households of Richard and of John WESTROPE both include a female age 60-70.
v
Died 15
Aug 1850: should be on Federal Mortality Schedule
v
Buried
in the GUNN-RIMBEY cemetery in Murrayville, Morgan Cty.,
IL
Sarah WICOFF Smith (wife to Nehemiah)
v
Born
1773 in
v
Sarah
WICOFF m. Nehemiah SMITH 19 Jan 1802 Pendleton Cty,
KY. Bondsman: William SMITH (Record actually reads WICLOFF)
v
Federal
Census 1810 Pendleton Cty, KY, Neemiah
SMITH p. 110, line 20: 1 male under 10, 1 male 26-45, 3 females under 10, 1
female 26-45
v
Federal
Census 1820 Pendleton Cty, KY: Neberriah
SMITH, p. 30-line 5: 3 males under 10, one male 10-16, 1 male 26-45; 3 females
under 10, 1 female 45+.
v
1825-1834
Nehemiah SMITH obtained 7 parcels of land in Franklin Twp, Marion Cty, IN
v
Federal
Census 1830 Pendleton
v
Federal
Census 1840 Franklin Twp, Marion Cty, IN Roll 88, p.
284: Nehemiah SMITH household. He is age 50-60 and she is age 60-70. No
children are in their household but sons William, Obediah
and Nathaniel all have households listed on the same page.
v
Federal
Census 1850
v
Burial
records for
Susannah
WICOFF Smith (wife to William)
v
Online
trees say b. VA 1762, m. William SMITH 12 Aug 1793 Culpeper Cty,
VA, d. Pendleton Cty, KY Mar 1831, bur. Blackburn
Cemetery, Pendleton Cty, KY. Same tree says William
was born 1750 VA and died 8 Jan 1823 Pendleton
Offspring
Offspring
of Henry WICOFF
Offspring
of James (or perhaps of John) WICOFF
Offspring
of John WICOFF
1.
James
Lewis WYCOFF [possibly born 4 Apr 1822 who appears to have been “of
Shelby co., IN,” when he received 80 acres each under Land Patents dated
1 Feb 1850 in Jasper co., IL, Document #17725 17726 and married Juliana DART on
3 May 1845 in Marion co., IN]
2.
(Francesca) Frances A. WYCOFF m. Wm. M. JONES 18 Jul 1839
Shelby Cty, IN (Indiana State Library Genealogy Database: Marriages through 1850). Three Wm. Jones are on 1840 Shelby Cty, IN. Online trees for this couple exist on Ancestry.com
but not RootsWeb.com. No parentage is given for Frances WYCOFF but it says she
was born 7 Mar 1817 in KY and died 17 Dec 1886 in Jasper, IL Her middle name is
given as Allen. Her husband lived 1816-1906 (middle name Mason).
3.
Elizabeth
WYCOFF born ca. 1818 who appears to have died 16 Apr 1853 Shelby Cty, IN, the 1st wife of Greenberry
Fields BURGESS born 6 Jul 1819 Scott co., KY, - the latter the son of Edward
BURGESS and Sarah (FIELDS).
Offspring
of Mary/Polly WICOFF Westrope (wife to William)
Offspring
of Sarah WICOFF Smith (wife to
Nehemiah)
Other Leads
Investigated
CRISLER
and GRIFFIN/GRIFFING
v
One
John WYCOFF m. Margaret CRISLER in 1785 in
v
John
WICOFF and Fountain HUFFMAN of Shelby Co. Indiana, heirs of Leonard CRISLER,
deceased of Boone Co. Ky. to Thomas MADDEN. April 11, 1828 G-309 This land is
25 acres. Property of said Leonard CRISLER deceased and willed by him to Elisha
CRISLER, one of heirs of said CRISLER, deceased and sold by him to Thomas MADEN
of above named state (Ky) for consideration of $6.37
to us in hand paid. Part of land lying in Boone Co. Ky. on headwaters of dry
fork of
v
Notes from Bob: In the late 1700s, there are
GRIFFIN/GRIFFITH surnames in Culpeper and Fauquier counties VA. In Pendleton co.,
KY, in the Grassy Creek area of the
v
Thomas
Crisler GRIFFING b. 24 Apr 1806 Boone Co., KY; died
15 Feb 1859 in Jasper co., IL; married 19 May 1831 to Sarah MOORE born 1 May
1812 in Franklin County, IN. Wm. GRIFFING married Apr 1804 Pendleton co., KY,
Mary STEELE daughter of John STEELE
born VA. The latter couple’s daughter Eleanor GRIFFING born
1809 married 18 Mar 1830 Campbell
co., KY, as 1st husband Thomas J. THRASHER and they settled in the Grassy Creek
section of Pendleton co., KY. Eleanor GRIFFING married 2nd 19 Nov 1850
Pendleton co., KY, William RACE. What are THRASHER origins?
v
Various Campbell co., KY deeds show: James WECOFF ( his mark) of
Campbell Co. Ky. to Jeremiah GRIFFING Bk. D2 p.236 32 3/4 Acres. Dec. 8, 1828
Witnesses James ANDERSON, Henry WICOFF.
v
John WICOFF from Bartlett GRAVES ‑both of
Campbell Co. Ky. Bk. D1 p. 345 74 acres, $1000. Aug. 29, 1815. James WYCOFF to
Jeremy GRIFFING ‑both of Campbell Co. Ky. G‑192 March 1827
witnesses Wm. GRIFFING, Asher FOWLER.
Alexander MONROE & other MONROES
v
Alexander MONROE: b. Mar 1756 in Fauquier co., VA. His
parents were Alexander MONROE and Margaret LANG. On 1810 Federal Census for
Pendleton Cty, KY we have Alexander
v
Alexander MONROE
is on 1820 Pendleton Cty, KY census at age 45+
with family.
v
Wm. C. MONROE m. Cynthia WALLACE 27 Jun 1821 in
Pendleton Cty, KY. Interestingly, this marriage
is performed by the Rev. Robt.
v
In 1830, Alexander MONROE is on his own line of the census with no
other family in Pendleton co., KY (p. 67) at age 70-80. Line above is Joseph
WALLACE, age 30-40, with family. Joseph (b. 1798 KY) is married to Elizabeth
MONROE (b. 1803 KY, no other info), according to RootsWeb
tree (John Hendricks jwh21@comcast.net); they married in Pendleton co., KY 13
Aug 1825. First WALLACE offspring b. in IN were b. in
1833, so can presume moved from Pendleton soon after 1830 census. No RootsWeb trees show Elizabeth MONROE as an offspring for
Alexander MONROE. However, “History of
v
Notes from Wendy: William, son of
Alexander, is who Wendy believes to be William C. MONROE who stood bond for a
marriage of Henry WICOFF and for his stepson Ed. LOVETT. William MONROE is on
the 1820 and 1830 Pendleton Cty, KY censuses. There appears to be two Wm. MONROE’s in Pendleton, so the one was usually shown
as Wm. C.
v
On the same page as the WICOFFS on the 1840 Marion Cty, IN census, but living with Joseph WALLACE, is
Revolutionary War pensioner Alexander MONROE (there's a column on the 1840 census
for that). This is the Alexander MONROE who was born ca. 1758 in Fauquier co.,
VA, m. Elizabeth/Betsey CHENOWETH (1764-1829) 18 Mar 1782, served as a Baptist
minister in Pendleton Cty, KY, and then moved up
(must have been right after the 1830 census in Pendleton) to Marion Cty., IN with his other Baptist fellows. The Wicoffs, Lovitts and others show
up on rosters for several young Baptist churches in this area, and Alexander
MONROE is buried in the Mary Bryan cemetery that is the old
v
Census records from Perry Twp, Marion Cty, IN, suggest that William is the
father-in-law to Wm. C. WICOFF, Henry WICOFF’s son. We can deduce this because William
MONROE is shown in on the Federal Census 1850 at age 60 with wife Synthia (age 53) and a daughter Sarah (age 18). In 1860,
Cynthia (age 63) and Sarah (age 27) are in the household of Wm. C. WICOFF.
v
From Indiana Patriot Graves - Indiana State SAR
ALEXANDER MONROE Born: 1758,
Buried: Southport, Marion Co,
IN.
Service: Pvt,
Cpl, and Sgt in Steed's Co, 2nd VA Brig
Proof: Bounty land warrants no
6225
Rev War Records of
Married: 1782, Betsy CHENOWETH
(1764-1829)
Children:
Directions:
Information collected by Mrs IRA E TRANTER,
v
From
ALEXANDER
My family now consists of my wife, aged 65 years,
and myself.
Schedule of Property: I
sold to Peter Livingood 791/2 acres for
$600.00, on 2 October 1824, which has been expended in the support of his
family and in the purchase of a small tract of 50 acres.
I sold to Peter Livingood
19 acres for $130.00, on 18 August 1825.
I sold to George T. Monroe, son of the said
Alexander, 50 acres for $1.00, on 31 October 1821 and he was given this land in
return for his support of his aged Mother and himself, said Alexander, for
years prior to this deed of gift.
I now own 50 acres of land, 1 horse, 2 cows, 2
yearlings, 7 head of sheep, 7 hogs plus household furniture and 9 geese.
The total value of my said property is $258.00.
Henry
WICOFF (false trails?)
v
An
early CHENOWETH researcher lists Sarah/Sally as a
CHENOWETH at her first marriage to Elias LOVETT. The current CHENOWETH guru
feels this marriage, which appeared at the back of an early book as an unattached
marriage (orphan branch), is in fact not a valid record. Wendy feels that
Sarah/Sally could also have been a
James
WICOFF (false trails)
John
WICOFF (false trails)
v John WYCOFF, 1810 Census
Bourbon
v
Federal
Census 1840 Perry Twp, Marion
Mary/Polly
WICOFF Westrope (wife
to William) (false
trails)
Sarah
WICOFF Smith (wife to Nehemiah)
(false trails)
Nicholas
WYCOFF of Mercer
One
Nicholas Wicoff received land from John & Eleanor
MONROE in 1778 & 1779 in Fauquier co., VA. After Nicholas died, one
Elizabeth WYKOFF sued the estate in 1797--this would suggest that Nicholas
WICOFF of Mercer co., KY is either a son or completely unrelated, but not the
same person. The abstract in VA County Records, Vol. VI, Fauquier County Book
10, p. 598-599 lists children and heirs but I am unclear as to whether there is
a son Nicholas as well as the deceased Nicholas. WYCOFF names listed: Nicholas,
Hannah Margaret, Isaac, Mary, Abraham, William, Elizabeth, and Sarah
WYCOFF
NY, NJ, MD,
Brooke Cty, WV,
There
are many similar names between these families and ours, but also many records
which place our people in the northern
Researchers
Henry
WICOFF
Edmond LOVETT (stepson to Henry WICOFF)
Doug
douglas.fox4@gte.net
James
WICOFF
John
WICOFF m. Hannah BRYAN Westrope
Jim
Harlan [2004 address Harlan_Jim@hotmail.com]
David
Goode [2007 address ddgoode@hotmail.com]
Mary/Polly
WICOFF Westrope (wife
to William)
Sarah
WICOFF Smith (wife to Nehemiah)
Chris
Henricks [1999 address is no longer valid-- CHenricks@aol.com]
Mary
Perkinson [1999 address is no longer valid--
perky@iquest.net]
Dorr
Felt Tippens dorrtippens@clearwire.net
Spelling: While researchers may need to check various
spellings to find information, there is usually some pattern to how a
particular family appears in the records of any area. Variant pattern clusters
from place to place may help to indicate distinct individuals and families.