Fiji Crisis: Colonialism of Hindu Kind By Sid Harth "The Pacific Studies Initiative (PSI) is a joint project of the University of Hawai`i Center for Pacific Islands Studies, the East-West Center, Kapi`olani Community College Library, and other partners." The graduate level seminar conducted by PSI in 1997, "Seminar in 20th Century Pacific Island History. History 675E, following professors presented a comprehensive review of colonization of Pacific islands, including Fiji. The university has done well in serving these Pacific islands as they have become a force to reckon with. The conflicts among the natives and the usurpers, mostly colonial empires like British, American, French, Dutch and Spanish created the most turbulent history of the peaceful nations. Other societies grew out of that conflicts, like a case in Americas. Few and far in between rebellions like that of Che Guevara are merely dots, pin pricks of the struggle natives had to put up with the advancing armies of usurpers. British conial powers wanted trained labor for their various overseas cash crops, as sugarcane and coffee plantations, banana, yeah, them too. The natives did not have what it takes to understand the value of labor. British, therefore, heavily recruited people from their vast empire and redistributed such low wage coolies throughout the colonies. The vast majority went to Africa, West Indies but sizable population also went to Hong Kong, Singapore and other territories. The art of British pesuation was superb. So much so that after a limited period of indentured servitude, the imported coolies decided to remain in sometimes hostile territories carving a niche for their communities. Railway building inAfrica was possible due to generous contributions of coolies from India. The testimony to their hard work ethics and perseverance is noted. One Somji of East Africa has put up an exhibition to show what sacrifices made by these Indian coolies to make travel in Africa a breeze. According to some estimate, for every one mile of rail tracks some four out of five laborers died. Some died of disease and others were devoured by man eating lions. The choice of these indentured Indian labor is obvious. No matter how hard theconditions were, they were certainly better than what lives, make it pitiful lives they had back home. Feudal system of land distribution in India has something to do about it. The landless and pennyless Indian coolies thought it worthwhile to face the hungry lions that say rich Andhra Pradesh landlords and suffer the same indignities that the current landless peasants, dirt farmers face, even as we speak. No wonder the Devil worshipping Andhra Pradesh thugs like Lakireddy Balireddy managed to lure Shudra virgins to America with false promises of jobs to run his desi brothels and the local Shudras would not even mind. These putrid patriots have no morals and care less if their own daughters work as prostitutes in foreign lands. Poverty makes one behave like this. Idiotboy, Mullapudy doesn't like me. Who does. These pathetic pagans evoked human rights for their Neanderthal criminal brother, Lakireddy Balireddy, not for the enslaved Shudra virgins who Lakireddy Balireddy's two boys had honor of deflowering, for free. Bastards were yelling and screaming that Lakireddy Balireddy family of criminals were falsely accused and they be treated innocent till proven guilty. They are also speaking, rather evoking the rule of democracy for Fiji. What democracy? Colonial Indians have wiped out the natives. Whatever has remained are too suspicious of this Banana Republic of a Hindu demoncracy. Laloo Prasad Yadav is a criminal. I have no problem calling him so. However, his party was democratically elected. RSS rascals were after him from the day one. His wife Rabri Devi received the harshest treatment at the hands of RSS governor. The toppling game that is being played in Fiji is no different than Bihar, India. Gue·va·ra (g?-vär'?, ge-vä'rä), Ernesto [Known as “Che.”] 1928-1967. Argentine-born Cuban revolutionary leader who was Fidel Castro's chief lieutenant in the Cuban revolution (1956-1959) and later served as minister of industry (1961-1965). Active in other Latin American revolutions, he was captured and executed by the Bolivian army. Sid Harth..."Holy Hindu cow shit eating rascals cannot tell which body orifice of theirs is meant for what purpose, be it Mullapudi muddleheaded monster or Vinay Kumar Reddy RSS ruffian." Instructor: David A Chappell Department of History University of Hawai'i at Manoa Sakamaki A-402 Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 Robert Rogers: Destiny's Landfall. Malama Meleisea: Making of Modern Samoa. Roger Keesing: Custom and Confrontation. Ranginui Walker: Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou. Hau'ofa and Waddell: A New Oceania. Robert Aldrich: The French Presence in the South Pacific. 1842-1940. Judith Bennett: Wealth of the Solomons. Joel Bonnemaison: The Tree and the Canoe. H.C. Brookfield: Colonialism, Development and Independence: The Case of the Melanesian Islands in the South Pacific. J.W. Davidson: Samoa mo Samoa. Stewart Firth: New Guinea under the Germans. James Griffin, Hank Nelson and Stewart Firth: Papua New Guinea: A Political History Peter Hempenstall: Pacific Islanders under German Rule. Peter Hempenstall & Noel Rutherford: Protest and Dissent in the Colonial Pacific. Francis Hezel: Strangers in Their Own Land: A Century of Colonial Rule in the Caroline and Marshall Islands. Margaret Jolly & Martha Macintyre (eds,): Family and Gender in the Pacific: Domestic Contradictions and Colonial Impact Roger Keesing & Peter Corris: Lightning Meets West Wind. Brij Lal, Doug Munro, Edward Beechert (eds.): Plantation Workers: Resistance and Accommodation Sione Latukefu (ed.): Papua New Guinea: A Century of Colonial Impact. 1884- 1984. Lamont Lindstrom: Cargo Cult: Strange Stories of Desire. Grant McCall: Rapanui Barrie MacDonald: Cinderellas of the Empire. Maslyn and Barrie MacDonald: The Phosphateers. Klaus Neumann: Not the Way It Really Was. Colin Newbury: Tahiti Nui: Change and Survival in French Polynesia, 1767- 1945. Henry Reynolds: The Law of the Land. Margaret Rodman & Matthew Cooper: Pacification of Melanesia. C D Rowley: The Destruction of Aboriginal Society. Edward Schieffelin & Robert Crittenden: Like People You See in a Dream: First Contact in Six Papuan Societies. Nicholas Thomas: Colonialism's Culture. Nancy Viviani: Nauru: Phosphate and Political Progress. Francis West: Hubert Murrary: The Australian Pro-Consul. Edward Wolfers: Race Relations and Colonial Rule in Papua Guinea. Peter Worsley: The Trumpet Shall Sound. Articles: Peter Biskup: "Hahl at Herbertshoehe, 1896-1898: The Genesis of German Native Administration in New Guinea," in The History of Melanesia (Wagon Seminar), 77-99. Bill Gamage: "The Rabble Strike, 1929," JPH 10-3 (1975) 3-29. Peter Hempenstall: "Resistance in the German Pacific Empire: Towards a Theory of Early Colonial Response," Journal of the Polynesian Society 84:1 (1975) 5-24. Garry Trompf: "Doesn't Colonialism Make You Mad? The So-called ŒMur- Madness' as an Index for the Study of New Religious Movements in Papua New Guinea during the Colonial Period," in Sione Latukefu (ed.): Papua New Guinea: A Century of Colonial Impact 1884-1984, 247-78 . Arthur Vidich: Political Factionalism in Palau, chapter IV. Francis Williams: The Vailala Madness and Other Essays, IV. The Big Death: Solomon Islanders Remember World War II. Paul Clyde: Japan's Mandate in the Pacific. Hilary Conroy & Harry Wray (eds.): Pearl Harbor Re-examined. Masayo Duus: Unlikely Liberators Henry Frei: Japan's Southern Advance and Australia. Akira Iriye: Pacific Estrangement: Japanese and American Expansion. 1897- 1911, and Power and Culture. H. Laracy: Pacific Protest: The Maasina Rule Movement. John Lawrey: The Cross of Lorraine in the South Pacific: Australia and the Free French Movement, 1940-42. Mark Peattie: Nan'yo: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885-1945. Tony Palomo: An Island in Agony. John Stephan: Hawaii under the Rising Sun. Geoffrey White and Lamont Lindstrom: The Pacific Theater. Tadao Yanaihara: Pacific Islands under Japanese Mandate Articles: Dirk Ballendorf: "Secrets without Substance: U.S. Intelligence in the Japanese Mandates, 1915-1935," JPH 19:2 (1984) 83-99. Sachiko Hatanaka: Culture Change in Micronesia under the Japanese Administration. K.S. Inglis: "War, Race and Loyalty in New Guinea," in The History of Melanesia (Waigani Seminar), pp. 503-29. Hugh Laracy: "Marching Rule and the Missions," JPH 6 (1971), 96-114. Felix Moos: "The Old and the New: Japan and the United States in the Pacific," in Daniel Hughes & Sherman Lingenfelter (eds.): Political Development in Micronesia. Hank Nelson: "Taim Bilong Pait: The Impact of the Second World War on Papua New Guinea," in A. W. McCoy (ed.): Southeast Asia under Japanese Occupation, 144-66. Mark Peattie: "Introduction" in Ramon Myers & Mark Peattie (eds.): The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945 David Purcell: "The Economics of Exploitation: The Japanese in the Mariana, Marshall, and Caroline Islands," JPH 11-3 (1976) 189-211. K.E. Read: "Effects of the Pacific War in the Markham Valley, New Guinea," Oceania (8), 93-116. Donald Shuster: "State Shinto in Micronesia during Japanese Rule, 1914-1945," Pacific Studies, 2 (Spring 1982) 20-43. Jim Albertini et al: The Dark Side of Paradise: Hawaii in a Nuclear World. Bob Aldridge & Ched Meyers: Resisting the Serpent: Palau's Struggle for Self- Determination. Bengt and Marie-Therese Danielsson: Poisoned Reign: French Nuclear Colonialism in the Pacific . Jane Dlbblin: Day of Two Suns: U.S. Nuclear Testing and the Pacific Islanders. Stewart Firth: Nuclear Playground. Carl Heine: Micronesia at the Crossroads. Daniel Hughes and Sherwood Lingenfelter (eds.): Political Development in Micronesia. Gifford Johnson: Collision Course at Kwajalein: Marshall Islanders in the Shadow of the Bomb. Robert Kiste: The Bikinians: A Study in Forced Migration. Paul Kluge: The Edge of Paradise. Sherwood Lingenfelter: Yap: Political Leadership and Culture Change in an Island Society. Mac and Leslie Marshall: Silent Voices Speak: Women and Prohibition in Truk, and Weekend Warriors. Timothy Maga: Defending Paradise: The U.S. and Guam. Donald McHenry: Micronesia: Trust Betrayed. Norman Meller: Constitutionalism in Micronesia. James Peoples: Island in Trust: Culture Change and Dependence in a Micronesian Community. Sue Roff: Overreaching in Paradise: United States Policy in Palau since 1945. Laura Souder: Daughters of the Island: Contemporary Chamorro Women Organizers on Guam. Laura Souder and Robert Underwood (eds.): Chamorro Self-Determination. William Tagupa: Politics in French Polynesia, l945-75. Articles: Anne Perez Hattori: "Righting Civil Wrongs: The Guam Congress Walkout of l949," Isla, l995. Stephen Henningham: France and the South Pacific, chs. 5-7. Robert Kiste: "Termination of the U.S. Trusteeship in Micronesia," JPH, 2l:3 (1986), 127-38. Jane Margold with Donna Bellorado: "Matrilineal Heritage: A Look at the Power of Contemporary Micronesian Women," in Madeleine Goodman (ed.): Women in Asia & the Pacific, 129-51 Leonard Mason: "A Marshallese Nation Emerges from the Political Fragmentation of American Micronesia," Pacific Studies, 13:1 (1989), 1-46. Samuel McPhetres: "Challenges to Democracy in the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas," in R.Crocombe et al: Culture and Democracy in the South Pacific. Richard Parmentier: "The Rhetoric of Free Association and Palau's Political Struggle," The Contemporary Pacific 3-1 (1991) 146-58. Glen Peterson: "A Cultural Analysis of the Ponapean Independence Vote in the 1983 Plebiscite," Pacific Studies, 9-1 (1985), 13-52, and "The Federated States of Micronesia's 1990 Constitutional Convention: Calm Before the Storm?" The Contemporary Pacific, 6-2 (1994), 337-69. H. Schwalbenberg: "The Plebiscite on the Future Political Status of the Federated States of Micronesia: Factionalism, Separatism and Sovereignty," JPH, 19-3 (1984) 172- 84, and "Marshallese Political Developments: No to Commonwealth," JPH, 20-2 (1985) 172-84. Donald Shuster: "Elections, Compact, and Assassination in the Republic of Palau," Pacific Studies, 12-1 (1988) 23-48. Jonathan Weisgall: "The Nuclear Nomads of Bikini Atoll," Foreign Policy, 39 (1978) 74- 98. Robert Aldrich: France and the South Pacific since 1940. John Connell: New Caledonia or Kanaky? The Political History of a French Colony. Thierry Desjardins: Nouvelle-Caledonie: Ils veulent rester francais. Myriam Dornoy: Politics in New Caledonia. J ean Guiart: La terre est le sang des morts. Stephen Henningham: France and the South Pacific. Maurice Leenhardt: Gens de la Grande Terre, and Do Kamo. Martyn Lyons: The Totem and the Tricolor. David Robie: Blood on Their Banner, chapters 4-7, 14-15. Alain Saussol: L'Heritage. Michael Spencer et al: New Caledonia: Essays on Nationalism and Dependency. Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff: The French Pacific Islands: French Polynesia and New Caledonia. Jean-Marie Tjibaou: Kanake: The Melanesian Way. Alan Ward: Land and Politics in New Caledonia Articles: Bronwen Douglas: "Conflict & Alliance in a Colonial Context: Case Studies in New Caledonia," JPH 15-1 (1980) 21-51. John Connell: "Wallis and Futuna: Stability and Change at the Ends of Empire," in Robert Aldrich (ed.): France, Oceania, and Australia: Past and Present, 91- 116. Jean Guiart: "Forerunners of Melanesian Nationalism," Oceania 22-2 (1951) 81- 90, and "Progress and Regress in New Caledonia," JPH, 27-1 (1992), 3-28. Jean Houbert: "Settlers and Natives in Decolonization," The Round Table, 295 (1985) 217-29. Linda Latham: "Revolt Re-examined: the 1878 Insurrection in New Caledonia," JPH 10-3 (1975) 48-62. Susanna Ounei: For Kanak Independence: The Fight Against French Rule in New Caledonia. Karl Rensch: "Wallis and Futuna: Total Dependency," in Politics in Polynesia. Alain Saussol: "New Caledonia: Colonization and Reaction," in R.Crocombe (ed.): Land Tenure in the Pacific. Jean-Marie Tjibaou: "The Renaissance of Melanesian Culture in New Caledonia," Ethnies, 8-9-10 (Spring 1989), 74-78. Yann Celene Uregei: "New Caledonia: confrontation to colonial rule," in Politics in Melanesia. Ahmet Ali: From Plantation to Politics: Studies on the Fiji Indians. Eddie Dean & Stan Ritova: Rabuka: No Other Way. Anselmo Fatiaki et al: Rotuma: Split Island. E.K. Fisk: The Political Economy of Independent Fiji. Peter France: Charter of the Land. K.L. Gillion: Fiji Indians: Challenge to European Dominance. Stuart Greif: The Overseas Chinese in Fiji. Michael Howard: Fiji: Race and Politics in an Island State. Bruce Knapman: Fiji's Economic History. 1874-1939. Brij Lal: Girmitiyas: The Origins of the Fiji Indians, Power and Prejudice: The Making of the Fiji Crisis, and Broken Waves: A History of the Fiji Islands in the 20th Century. Timothy Macnaught: The Fijian Colonial Experience: A Study of the Neotraditional Order under British Colonial Rule. Adrian Mayer: Indians In Fiji, and Peasants in the Pacific. Norman Meller and James Anthony: Fiji Goes to the Polls: The Crucial Legislative Council Elections of 1963. R.S. Milne: Politics in Ethnically Bipolar States: Guyana, Malaysia, Fiji. Michael Mynah: Brown or White? A History of the Fiji Sugar Industry, 1873- 1973. Robert Norton: Race Relations in Fiji. Asesela Ravuvu: Facade of Democracy. Deryck Scarr: Fiji: Politics of Illusion. The Military Coups, and Fiji: A Short History. Deryck Scarr: Ratu Sukuna: Soldier, Statesman, Man of Two Worlds. Subramani: The Indo-Fijian Experience. J.L.V. Sukuna: Fiji: The Three-Legged Stool. Articles: The Contemporary Pacific 2-1 (1990) special issue on Fiji. Ron Crocombe: Land Tenure in the Pacific, chapter on Fiji. Timothy Macnaught: "We Seem No Longer like Fijians: Some Perceptions of Social Change in Fijian History," Pacific Studies, 1-1 (1977) 15-24. Vijay Naidu: "Fiji: The State, Labour Aristocracy and the Fiji Labour Party," in Antony Hooper et al: Class and Culture in the South Pacific, 210-29. Asesela Ravuvu: "Fiji: Contradictory Ideologies and Development," in Antony Hooper et al: Class and Culture in the South Pacific, 230-42. David Robie: Blood on Their Banner, chapters 11-13. George Atkin et al: Solomon Islands Politics. John Beast: The Santo Rebellion. Judith Bennett: Wealth of the Solomons. Ben Finney: Big Men and Business: Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth in the New Guinea Highlands. James Griffin, Hank Nelson and Stewart Firth: Papua New Guinea: A Political History. Sione Latukefu (ed.): Papua New Guinea: A Century of Colonial Impact, 1884- 1984. Walter Lini: Beyond Pandemonium. Ron May (ed.): Micronationalist Movements in Papua New Guinea. R. May: Between Two Nations: The Indonesia-Papua New Guinea Border and West Papua Nationalism. Eugene Ogan: Business and Cargo: Socioeconomic Change among the Nasioi of Bougainville. Douglas Oliver: Black Islanders: A Personal Perspective of Bougainville, 1937- 1991. Michael Somare: Sana: An Autobiography. Andrew Strathern: Ongka: A Self-Account by a New Guinean Big Man. Howard Van Trease: The Politics of Land in Vanuatu. Alexander Wanek: The State & Its Enemies in Papua New Guinea. Articles: Richard Feinberg: "The Solomon Islands' Tenth Anniversary of Independence: Problems of National Symbolism and National Integration," Pacific Studies, 13- 2 (1990) 19-40. Michael Goddard: "The Rascal Road: Crime, Prestige, and Development in Papua New Guinea," CP 7-1 (1995), 55-80. J.M. Herlihy: "Decolonization politics in Solomon Islands: the model that never was," in R. May and Hank Nelson (eds.): Melanesia: Beyond Diversity, Vol. II, pp. 571- 600. Michael Howard: Mining. Politics, and Development in the South Pacific, chapters 1, 3, 4. Sam Kaima: "The Evolution of Cargo Cults and the Emergence of Political Parties in Melanesia," JSO 92-93 (1991) 173-80. Hugh Laracy: "Bougainville Secessionism," JSO 92-93 (1991) 53-60. Norman McQueen: "Beyond Tok Win: The Papua New Guinea Intervention in Vanuatu, 1980," Pacific Affairs, 61-2 (1988) 235-52, and "Sharpening the Spearhead: Subregionalism in Melanesia," Pacific Studies, 12-2 (1989) 330-52. Eugene Ogan: "The Cultural Background of the Bougainville Crisis," JSO, 92- 93 (1991V, 61-68. Stephen Pokawin: "Papua New Guinea: aftermath of colonialism" in Politics in Melanesia. Ralph Premdas, Jeff Stevens & Peter Larmour: "The Western Breakaway Movement in the Solomon Islands," Pacific Studies. 7-2 (1984) 34-67. Ralph Premdas: "Melanesian Socialism: Vanuatu's Quest for Self- Determination and Problems of Implementation," Pacific Studies, 11-1 (1987), 107-29. Francis Saemala: "Solomon Islands: Uniting the Diversity," in Politics in Melanesia. Yaw Safu: "Aspects of Evolving Political Culture in Papua New Guinea," in The Politics of Evolving Cultures in the Pacific Islands (BYU-Hawaii) 256-279. Robert Tonkinson: "Vanuatu Values: A Changing Symbiosis," Pacific Studies, 5-2 (1982) 32-63. Terence Wesley-Smith: "Lost Melanesian Brothers: The Irian Jaya Problem and Its Implications for Papua New Guinea," Pacific Studies, 10-3 (1987) 27-52. Paias Wingti: "Standing by Our Principles in Tough Times," in From Rhetoric to Reality: Papers from the 15th Waigani Seminar, 15-21. Edward Beechert: Working in Hawaii: A Labor History. Roger Bell: Last Among Equals: Hawaiian Statehood and American Politics. O.A. Bushnell: The Gifts of Civilization: Germs and Genocide in Hawai'i. George Cooper and Gavan Daws: Land and Power in Hawaii: The Democratic Years. Michael Kioni Dudley and Keoni Kealoha Agard: A Hawaiian Nation II: A Call for Hawaiian Sovereignty. Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa: Native Land and Foreign Desires: Pehea La E Pono Ai? George Kanahele: Ku Kanaka (Stand Tall): A Search for Hawaiian Values. Noel Kent: Hawaii: Islands under the Influence Lili'uokalani: Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen. Melody MacKenzie: Native Hawaiian Rights Handbook. Linda Parker: Native American Estate: The Struggle over Indian and Hawaiian Lands. David Stannard: Before the Horror: The Population of Hawaii on the Eve of Western Contact. Ronald Takaki: Pau Hana: Plantation Life and Labor in Hawaii Haunani-Kay Trask: From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawai'i. Articles: Emmett Aluli interview, Honolulu Magazine (July 1988) 42-51. Poka Laenui: "The World Council of Indigenous Peoples: an Interview with Hayden Burgess," The Contemporary Pacific, 2-2 (1990) 336-48. Davianna MacGregor: "Hawaiians: Organizing in the 1970s," Amerasia, 7-2 (1980) 45- 55. Matthew Spriggs: "Facing the Nation: Archaeologists and Hawaiians in the Era of Sovereignty," The Contemporary Pacific 3-2 (1991) 380-92. Haunani-Kay Trask: „Hawaii: Colonization and Decolonization," in A. Hooper et al: Class a Culture in the South Pacific. Ian Campbell: Island Kingdom: Tonga. Ancient and Modern. Murray Chapman (ed.): Nobility and Identity in the Island Pacific. John Connell: Sovereignty and Survival: Island Microstates in the Third World. Ron Crocombe et al: Cook Islands Politics: The Inside Story. Te'o Fairbairn: Island Economies. J.T. Fawcett & B.V. Carino (eds.): Pacific Bridges: The New Immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands. Robert Franco: Samoans in Hawaii: A Demographic Profile. Kiribati: Aspects of History. Michael Lieber (ed.): Exiles and Migrants in Oceania. Grant McCall and John Connell (eds.): A World Perspective on Pacific Islander Migration. Cluny Macpherson, Bradd Shore and Robert Franco (eds.): New Neighbors: Islanders in Adaptation. Paul Shankman: Migration and Underdevelopment: The Case of Western Samoa. Martin Silverman: Disconcerting Issues: Meaning and Struggle in a Resettled Pacific Community. Howard van Trease (ed.): Atoll Politics: Kiribati. H. Vilitama et al: History of Niue. Articles: Richard Bedford: "Migration and Development in the Pacific Islands," in Ramesh Thakur (ed.): The South Pacific-Problems, Issues and Prospects, 145- 68. I.G. Bertram and R.F. Watters: "The MIRAB Economy in South Pacific Microstates," Pacific Viewpoint, 26-3 (1985) 497-519. Murray Chapman: "Pacific Island Movement and Socioeconomic Change: Metaphors of Misunderstanding," Population and Development Review, 17-2 (1991), 261-92. Wendy Cowling: "Motivations for Contemporary Tongan Migration," in P. Herda, J. Terrell and N. Gunson (eds.): Tongan Culture and History, 187-205. Hima Douglas: "Niue: The Silent Village Green," in A. Hooper et al: Class & Culture in the South Pacific. Eni Faleomavaega: "Some Perspectives on American Samoa's Political Relationship with the United States," Pacific Studies, 13-2 (1990) 119-23. Christian Giese & Casimilo Perez: "Tokelau: micro-politics," in Politics in Polynesia. Geoffrey Hayes: "Migration, Metascience and Development Policy in Island Polynesia," The Contemporary Pacific 3-1 (1991) 1-58. Francis Hezel & Thomas McGrath: "The Great Flight Northward: Federated States of Micronesia Migrants to Guam and the Northern Marianas," Pacific Studies, 13-1 (1989) 47-64. Rodney Hills: "The 1990 Election in Tonga," The Contemporary Pacific, 3-2 (1991) 357- 79. Le Mamea T.S. Ioane: "Pacific Islanders in New Zealand," in The Politics of Evolving Cultures in the Pacific Islands, (BYU-Hawaii) 307-20. Tito Isala: "Tuvalu: atoll nation," in Politics in Polynesia. Kerry James: "Tonga's Pro-Democracy Movement," Pacific Affairs, 67-2 (1994), 242-63. Solomona Kalauni: "Niue: The World's Smallest Microstate," in Politics in Polynesia. Arnold Liebowitz: Colonial Emancipation in the Pacific and the Caribbean, chapter on Cook Islands. Gordon Lewthwaite, Christiane Mainzer & Patrick Holland: "From Polynesia to California: Samoan Migration and Its Sequel," JPH 8 (1973) 133-57. Cluny MacPherson: "Economic and Political Restructuring and the Sustainability of Migrant Remittances: the Case of Western Samoa," The Contemporary Pacific, 4- 1 (1992) 109-36. George Marcus: "Power on the Extreme Periphery: The Perspective of Tongan Elites in the Modern World System," Pacific Viewpoint, 22-1 (1981), 48-64. Edward Michal: "American Samoa or Eastern Samoa? The Potential for American Samoa to become Freely Associated with the United States," The Contemporary Pacific, 4-1 (1992) 137-60. Katherine Nakata: "The Costs of Fa'a Samoa Political Culture's Complementarity with the Modern World System," in The Politics of Evolving Cultures in the Pacific Islands (BYU-Hawaii) 321-57. Iaveta Short: "The Cook Islands: Autonomy, Self-Government and Independence," in A. Hooper et al: Class and Culture in the South Pacific. Grant Simpson: "Wallerstein's World-Systems Theory and the Cook Islands: A Critical Examination," Pacific Studies, 14-1 (1990) 73-94. Jeffrey Sissons: "Royal Backbone and Body Politic: Aristocratic Titles and Cook Islands Nationalism since Self Government," The Contemporary Pacific 6-2 (1994), 371- 96. Fofo Sunia: "Fa'a Amerika?" in Politics in Polynesia. Ron Crocombe: The Pacific Way. Alan Duff: Once Were Warriors, and Maori: The Crisis and the Challenge. Patricia Grace: Potiki. Epeli Hau'ofa: Tales of the Tikongs. Jocelyn Linnekin & Lin Poyer (eds.): Cultural Identity and Ethnicity in the Pacific. Bernard Narokobi: The Melanesian Way. Nicholas Thomas & Margaret Jolly (eds.): The Politics of Tradition in the South Pacific. Jean-Marie Tjibaou: Kanake': The Melanesian Way. Albert Wendt: Sons for the Return Home, and Pouliuli. Articles: Francis Bugotu: "The Impact of Western Culture on Solomon Islands Society: A Melanesian Reaction," in The History of Melanesia (Waigani Seminar) 549- 56. Vicente Diaz: "Simply Chamorro: Telling Tales of Demise and Survival on Guam," The Contemporary Pacific 6-1 (1994), 29-58. Allan Hanson: "The Making of the Maori: Culture Invention and Its Logic," American Anthropologist, 91 (1989) 890-902. Epeli Hau'ofa: "The New South Pacific Society: Integration and Independence," in A.Hooper et al: Class & Culture in the South Pacific, and "The Future of Our Past," in R. Kiste & R. Herr (eds.): The Pacific in the Year 2000. Vilsoni Hereniko: "Representations of Cultural Identities," in K. Howe, R. Kiste & B. Lal (eds.): Tides of History, ch. 17. Margaret Jolly: "Specters of Inauthenticity," The Contemporary Pacific, 4-1 (Spring 1992) 49-72. Roger Keesing: "Creating the Past: Custom and Identity in the Contemporary Pacific," The Contemporary Pacific, I (1989) 19-42. Finau Kolo: "Historiography: The Myth of Indigenous Authenticity," in P.Herda, J.Terrell & N.Gunson (eds.): Tongan Culture and History, 1-11. Peter Larmour: "The Politics of Race and Ethnicity: Theoretical Perspectives on Papua New Guinea," Pacific Studies, 15-2 (1992), 87-108. Sione Latukefu: "The Definition of Authentic Oceanic Cultures with Particular Reference to Tonga," Pacific Studies, 5-2 (1980) 60-81. Malama Meleisea: "Ideology in Pacific Studies: A Personal View," in Antony Hooper et al: Class & Culture in the South Pacific, 140-52, and Change & Adaptations in Western Samoa. Caroline Ralston: "Maori Women and the Politics of Tradition: What Roles and Power Did, Do, and Should Maori Women Exercise?" The Contemporary Pacific 5-1 (1993), 23-44. Albert Wendt: "Novelists and Historians and the Art of Remembering," in Antony Hooper et al: Class & Culture in the South Pacific, 78-92. Here is another source of information on Pacific islanders' struggle for freedom from the colonial incarceration. A Bibliography of Fijian Society A A Special Correspondent 1993 What of Fiji's Future? Pacific Islands Monthly (June) 63(6): 12-13. Ackland, R. J. B. 1968 Notes on the Historical Development of the Fiji Military Forces. The Fiji Society Transactions and Proceedings for the Years 1962 and 1963, Vol. 9: 67-77. Aiavao, Ulafala 1990 India vs Fiji: The Debate for Ethnic Rights. 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(Vol. I, by Williams, includes texts and translations of several songs and proverbs. Also some references to mythology.) Williams, Thomas. 1931. The Journal of Thomas Williams, Missionary in Fiji, 1840-1853, 2 vols., ed. G.C. Henderson. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Wilson, Les 1990 Fiji After the Coup. Sunday Magazine (Auckland) (24 June): 27-9. Winchester, Simon 1987 US 'Pleased' by Takeover. Guardian Weekly (24 May) 136(21): 7. 1989 Shining Pearls Lose Lustre in Stormy Sea. Auckland Star (4 April): A7. (Originally published in Guardian.) WITHEROW, F.A. 1914. "Story of Tekenivula, the ancestor of the fishermen." Transactions of the Fijian Society for 3,2pp. (Legend concerning origin of turtle nets.) Wood, A. Harold. 1978. Overseas Missions of the Australian Methodist Church, vol. II: Fiji. Melbourne: Aldersgate Press. Wypijewski, Joann 1987 The Fiji Coup: Was America to Blame? Pacific Islands Monthly (October) 58(10): 46-8. X Y Yavala, Paul 1996a Where Have All the Dollars Gone? The Review [Fiji] (November): 51-7. 1996b A Bridge Too Far. The Review [Fiji] (December): 12-17. Young, John A. 1990 Development Education and Social Stratification in Fiji. Practicing Anthropology 12(1): 4-5, 17. Unsigned Newspaper and Magazine Articles on the Coups and their Aftermath Auckland Star 1989a Radical's Coup Broadcast Absurd, Says Rata. (11 May): A2. 1989b Fiji Prisoners 'Gassed'. (29 May): A2. Guardian Weekly 1987 Disloyal Soldier of the Queen. (24 May) 136(21): 1. Matangi Tonga 1991 Criminologist Claims Fiji Power Grab Planned Over a Decade. (January-February) 6(1): 21. New Zealand Herald 1987a South Pacific Leaders Suggested As Mediators. (16 May) Section 1: 5. 1987b Middle-class Fijians Pushed Coups. (20 October) Section 1: 15. Pacific Islands Monthly 1987a Drastic Steps Taken on Fiji Economy. (August) 58(8): 22-24. 1987b At the Political Crossroads. (September) 58(9): 22-4. 1987c Muslims in Crossfire. (September) 58(9): 24. 1987d Silent Majority Voice. (September) 58(9): 25. 1987e Taukei Terror Stalls Talks. (October) 58(10): 14-15. 1987f Fiji Economy at Breaking Point. (October) 58(10): 15. 1987g A Recipe for Ruin. (November) 58(11): 7. 1987h Council of Ministers: Who's Who. (November) 58(11): 15. People's Voice (Auckland) 1987 Fiji Coup: Fascism Moves Closer to Home! (25 May) 44(10): 1. PSA Journal (Wellington) 1987 PSA Acts Against Coup. (17 June-21 July) 74(5): 12. Unity (Wellington) 1987a Fiji: Under the Power of the Gun. (1 June) 10(6): 1, 6-7. Jean-Marie Tjibaou: "Recherche d‚identite melanesienne et societe traditionelle," JSO 32 (1976) 281-92, and "The Renaissance of Melanesian Culture in New Caledonia," Ethnies 4 (8-9-10) l989, 74-78. 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