BAADER, Franz von  (1765-1841). German religious philosopher who was a contemporary of Schelling. Was heavily influenced by Christian mysticism (Meister Eckhart and Jakob Boehme, for example).

• Fermenta Cognitionis
• Über den Begriff der Zeit
• Vorlesungen über spekulative Dogmatik
• Vorlesungen und Erläuterungen zu Jacob Bohmes Lehre

BACHELARD, Gaston  (1884-1964). French phenomenologist and important theorist of literature.

Works Include:

• The Flame of the Candle
• The New Scientific Spirit
• The Philosophy of No
• The Poetics of Reverie
• The Poetics of Space
• The Psychoanalysis of Fire
• Water and Dreams

BACHELARD, Suzanne  (born 1919). Swiss Husserl-influenced phenomenologist.

Works Include:

• La Conscience de Rationalité: Étude Phénoménologique sur la Physique Mathématique
• Hommage à Jean Hyppolite
• Study in Husserl's Formal and Transcendental Logic

BACHOFEN, Johann Jakob  (1815-1887). Swiss anthropologist-philosopher well known for his theories on matriarchy.

Works Include:

• Das Mutterrecht
• Die Sage von Taniquil
• Die Unsterblichkeitslehre der Orphischen Theologie
• Versach über die Gräbersymbolik der Alten

BACON, Francis  (1561-1626). British philosopher-scientist whose insistence on a new knowledge which would subdue nature can rightly be considered the birth of the Modern Era in philosophy.

Works Include:

• The Advancement of Learning
• The Great Instauration
• The Masculine Birth of Time
• New Atlantis
• Novum Organum
• Refutations of Philosophies
• Thoughts and Conclusions
• Wisdom of the Ancients

BADINTER, Elisabeth  (born 1944). French feminist philosopher who writes on the construction of gender and the nature of sex roles.

Works Include:

• Man/Woman: The One is the Other
• Mother Love: Myth and Reality
• The Unopposite Sex: The End of the Gender Battle
• XY: On Masculine Identity

BADIOU, Alain (born 1937). Contemporary French ontologist whose thought combines elements of Lacanian psychoanalysis, mathematical philosophy, and Maoism.

Works Include:

• Beckett
• De l'Amour
• Deleuze: The Clamor of Being
• Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil
• L'être et l'Evénement
• Manifesto for Philosophy
• Politique et Modernité(with Georges Leyenberger)
• Saint Paul: La Fondation de l'Universalisme

BADAWI, Abdel Rahman  (1917-2002). Egyptian Muslim philosopher who was greatly influenced by existentialism.

Works Include:

• Ethics in Kant's Opinion
• Existentialist Time
• History of Islamic Sophism
• Humanism and Existentialism in Arabic Thought
• Nietzsche
• Studies in Existentialism

BAECK, Leo  (1873-1956). German-Jewish theologian and Holocaust survivor who emphasized the superiority of Judaism over other world religions.

Works Include:

• Epochen der Jüdischen Geschichte
• The Essence of Judaism
• The People Israel: The Meaning of Jewish Existence

BAEUMKER, Clemens  (1853-1924). German scholar associated with the revival of Thomism.

Works Include:

• Europäische Philosophie des Mittel Alters
• Studien und Charakteristiken zur Geschichte der Philosophie insbesondere des Mittelalters
• Witelo, ein Philosoph und Naturforscher des XIII Jahrhunderts

BAHRDT, Carl Friedrich  (1740-1792). German rationalistic theologian.

Works Include:

• Briefe über die Bibel im Volkston
• Glaubensbekenntnis
• Neueste Offenbarungen Gottes

BAIER, Annette C.  (born 1929). New Zealand-born American philosopher. She is an analytically-trained ethical thinker.

Works Include:

• The Commons of the Mind
• Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics
• A Progress of Sentiments: Reflections on Hume's Treatise

BAIER, Kurt  (born 1917). Austrian-born analytic philosopher of ethics.

Works Include:

• The Moral Point of View
• Problems of Life and Death: A Humanist Perspective
• The Rational and the Moral Order: The Social Roots of Reason and Morality
• Reason, Ethics, and Society
• Values and the Future

BAIN, Alexander  (1818-1903). Scottish philosopher-psychologist who was influenced by the philosophy of J.S. Mill.

Works Include:

• The Emotions and the Will
• Logic: Deductive and Inductive
• The Senses and the Intellect

BAKHTIN, Mikhail  (1895-1975). Russian structuralist literary theorist.

Works Include:

• Art and Answerability
• Dialogic Imagination
• Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics
• Rabelais and His World
• Speech Genres
• Toward a Philosophy of the Act

BAKUNIN, Mikhail Alexandrovich  (1814-1876). Russian anarchist philosopher and contemporary of the nihilists. See also the Anarchism section of my web site.

Works Include:

• Catechism of a Revolutionist
• God and the State
• Marxism, Freedom and the State
• Statism and Anarchy

BALGUY, John  (1686-1748). English theologian and moral philosopher.

Works Include:

• Divine Rectitude
• The Foundation of Moral Goodness
• Letter to a Deist

BALIBAR, Étienne  (born 1942). French structuralist Marxist and one of Louis Althusser's leading pupils.

Works Include:

• Masses, Classes, Ideas: Studies on Politics and Philosophy Before and After Marx
• The Philosophy of Marx
• Politics and the Other Scene
• Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities(with Immanuel Wallerstein)
• Reading Capital (with Louis Althusser)
• Spinoza and Politics

BAÑEZ, Dominic  (1528-1604). Influential Spanish Scholastic philosopher.

Works Include:

• On Generation and Corruption
• Scholastica Commentaria

BANFI, Antonio  (1886-1957). Italian Marxist phenomenologist.

Works Include:

• I problemi di un'estetica filosofica
• Introduzione a Nietzsche
• La filosofia e la vita spirituale
• La ricerca della realta
• Principe di una teoria del ragione
• Saggi sul marxismo
• Socrate
• Sui principi di una filosofia dell morale
• Vita dell'arte

BAR-HILLEL, Yehoshua  (1915-1976). Austrian-born Israeli logician and linguistic philosopher.

Works Include:

• Aspects of Language: Essays and Lectures on Philosophy of Language, Linguistic Philosophy, and Methodology of Linguistics
• Language and Information
• Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics

BAR-ILAN, Meir  (1880-1949). Russian Jewish thinker who was well-known for contributing to Zionist thought.

Works Include

• Bi-shevile ha-tehiyah
• Sitre tefilah ve-hekhalot
• Some Jewish Women in Antiquity

BAR ON, Bat-Ami   Jewish-American feminist/political theorist.

Works Include:

• "Balancing Feminism and the Philosophical Canon"
• "Could There Be a Human Sex-Neutral Idea of Man?"
• "Character and Moral Agency"
• Daring to be Good: Essays in Feminist Ethico-Politics(co-edited with Ann Ferguson)
• "The Feminist Sexuality Debates and the Transformation of the Political"
• "Marginality and Epistemic Privilege"
• "Meditations on National Identity and Friendship"
• "Transforming the Philosophy Curriculum: Studying Sexual Violence"

BARAN, Paul A.  (1910-1964). American Marixst-influenced economist.

Works Include:

• The Longer View: Essays Toward a Critique of Political Economy
• Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order(with Paul Sweezy)
• The Political Economy of Growth
• The Political Economy of Neo-Colonialism

BARBUSSE, Henri  (1873-1935). French Marxist author and pacifist.

Works Include:

• Auf Zur Warheit
• Chains(2 volumes)
• Do You Know Thaelman?
• The Fire
• Hell
• Jesus
• Stalin: A New World Seen Through One Man
• Zola

Works Include

• "Extensionality"
• Modalities: Philosophical Essays
• "Moral Dilemmas and Consistencies"
• "Some Revisionary Proposals about Belief and Believing"

BARNES, Hazel  (born 1915). American existentialist. Especially influenced by Sartre.

Works Include:

• An Existentialist Ethics
• The Literature of Possibility: A Humanistic Existentialism
• The Meddling Gods: Four Essays on Classic Themes
• Sartre
• Sartre and Flaubert
• The University as the New Church

BARRETO, Luís Filipe  (born 1954) Contemporary Portugese post-structuralist.

Works Include:

• Caminhos do Saber no Renascimento Portugues: Estudos de Historia e Teoria da Cultura
• Os Descobrimentos e a Ordem do Saber: Uma Análise Sociocultural
• Portugal, Mensageiro do Mundo Renascentista: Problemas da Cultura dos Descobrimentos Portugueses
• "O Problema do Conhecimento na Sphaera de D. Joao de Castro"

BARRETT, Michèle  British feminist theorist whose work draws on cultural studies as well as contemporary Continental and Marxist thought.

Works Include:

• Imagination in Theory: Culture, Writing, Words, and Things
• The Politics of Truth: From Marx to Foucault
• Star Trek: The Human Frontier(with Duncan Barrett)
• Women's Oppression Today

BARTH, John  (born 1930). Contemporary American fiction author who has become famous for his intricate, chaotic, absurd, postmodern stories. Is also notable for his critical essays (e.g., "The Literature of Exahustion").

Works Include:

• Chimera
• Coming Soon!!!
• The End of the Road
• The Floating Opera
• The Friday Book
• Further Fridays
• Giles Goat-Boy
• The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor
• LETTERS: A Novel
• The Literature of Exhaustion and the Literature of Replenishment
• Lost in the Funhouse
• Sabbatical: A Romance
• The Sot-Weed Factor
• The Tidewater Tales

BARTH, Karl  (1886-1968). Swiss Protestant theologian of neo-orthodoxy. Perhaps the most well-known and influential theologian of the 20th century. For an introduction to Barth and other "existentialist"/neo-orthodox theologians, I recommend Borowitz's A Layman's Introduction to Religious Existentialism.

Works Include:

• Anselm: Fides Quaerens Intellectum
• The Church and State
• Church Dogmatics (4 volumes)
• Dogmatics in Outline
• The Epistle to the Romans
• The Holy Spirit and the Christian Life: The Theological Basis of Ethics
• Homilectics
• The Theology of John Calvin
• The Word of God and the Word of Man

BARTHES, Roland  (1915-1980). French structuralist and semiotic theorist who is famous for his pronouncement of the "death of the author." Important in postmodern thinking.

Works Include:

• Camera Lucida
• Criticism and Truth
• Empire of Signs
• Image, Music, Text
• Mythologies
• The Pleasure of the Text
• The Responsibility of Forms
• Sade-Fourier-Loyola
• The Semiotic Challenge
• The Structuralist Activity
• S/Z
• Writing Degree Zero

BARTKY, Sandra Lee  Contemporary American feminist who writes from a post-phenomenological perspective.

Works Include:

• "Agency: What's the Problem?"
• Femininity and Domination: Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression
• "Foucault, Femininity and the Modernization of Power"
• "Phenomenology of a Hyphenated Consciousness"
• "Sympathy and Solidarity: On a Tightrope with Scheler"

BASEDOW, Johann Bernhard  (1724-1790). German philosopher-theologian whose work had an influence on Kant.

Works Include:

• Philalethie
• Praktische Philosophie für alle Stände
• Vorstellung an Menschenfreunde für Schulen

BATAILLE, Georges  (1897-1962). French Nietzschean-inspired author and philosopher whose work was pioneering in drawing out the boundaries of modernist rationalism.

Works Include:

• The Accursed Share (3 Volumes)
• Blue of Noon
• Erotism: Death and Sensuality
• Guilty
• The Impossible
• Inner Experience
• Literature and Evil
• Madame Edwarda
• Story of the Eye
• The Tears of Eros
• Theory of Religion
• Visions of Excess

BAUDRILLARD, Jean  (born 1929). French theorist of postmodernity who began from a Marxist-oriented perspective.

Works Include:

• America
• The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures
• The Ecstasy of Communication
• Fatal Strategies
• For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign
• The Gulf War Did Not Take Place
• The Illusion of the End
• The Mirror of Production
• The Perfect Crime
• Seduction
• Simulacra and Simulation
• Symbolic Exchange and Death
• The System of Objects
• The Transparency of Evil: Essays on Extreme Phenomena

BAUER, Bruno  (1809-1882). German philosopher associated with the Left-Hegelians.

Works Include:

• Christianity Exposed
• Christus und die Caesaren
• The Jewish Problem
• Trumpet of the Last Judgment Against Hegel the Atheist and Antichrist

BAUER, Otto  (1881-1938). One of the famed 'Austro-Marxists.'

Works Include:

• Der Kampf um Wald und Weide
• Die Österreichische Revolution
• The Nationalities Question

BAUMAN, Zygmunt  (born 1925). Polish-born philosopher-sociologist who is one of the most important theorists of the postmodern alive today.

Works Include:

• Culture and Praxis
• Hermeneutics and Social Science: Approaches to Understanding
• The Individualized Society
• Intimations of Postmodernity
• Legislators and Interpreters: On Modernity, Postmodernity, and Intellectuals
• Modernity and Ambivalence
• Postmodern Ethics
• The Touble with Postmodernism
• Work, Consumerism, and the New Poor

BAUMGARDT, David  (1890-1963). German Jewish philosopher of religion and ethics.

Works Include:

• Bentham and the Ethics of Today
• Franz von Baader und die Philosophische Romantik
• Great Western Mystics: Their Lasting Significance
• Jenseits von Machtmoral und Masochismus : hedonistik Ethik als kritische Alternative

BAUTAIN, Louis Eugene Marie   (1796-1867). French religious philosopher who defended faith against reason.

Works Include:

• Philosophie du Christianisme
• Philosophie Morale
• Religion et Liberté

BAYLE, Pierre  (1647-1706). French skeptical philosopher whose Dictionary inspired the French Encyclopedists.

Works Include:

• Commentaire Philosophique sur ces Paroles de Christ "Constrains-les d'entrer"
• Historical and Critical Dictionary (10 volumes)

BAZAROV, Vladimir Alexandrovich  (1874-1939). Russian Marxist economist and philosopher.

Works Include:

• Avtoritarnaya Metafizika i Avtonomnaya Lichnost
• Na Dva Fronta
• Teoria Otnositelnosti i Marksizm

BEARDSLEY, Monroe Curtis  (1915-1985). American analytic philosopher who was known for his work in aesthetics.

Works Include:

• The Aesthetic Point of View
• Aesthetics: Problems in the Philosophy of Criticism
• Aesthetics From Classical Greece to the Present: A Short History
• Literature and Aesthetics
• The Possibility of Criticism
• Theme and Form: An Introduction to Literature

BEATTIE, James  (1735-1803). Scottish common-sense philosopher and poet.

Works Include:

• Elements of Moral Science
• Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth

de BEAUVOIR, Simone  (1908-1986). French existentialist feminist. She was a famed life-long companion of Sartre, and in fact, until the 1980s was often considered only a "footnote" to Sartre. Her contributions to philosophy have helped found modern feminism.

Works Include:

• The Blood of Others
• Ethics of Ambiguity
• The Prime of Life: Autobiography of Simone de Beauvoir
• Pyrrhus et Cineas
• The Second Sex
• She Came to Stay

BECK, Jakob Sigismund  (1761-1840). German Kantian philosopher who interpreted Kant's metaphysics empirically, not idealistically.

Works Include:

• Commentar über Kants Metaphysik der Sitten
• Einzig Möglicher Standpunkt aus welchem die Kritische Philosophie beurtilt werden muss
• Grundriss der Kritischen Philosophie

BECK, Ulrich  (born 1944). Contemporary German sociologist who characterizes postmodernity as an age of 'risk societies'.

Works Include:

• The Brave New World of Work
• Counterpoison
• Ecological Enlightenment
• Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk
• Normal Chaos of Love
• Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity

BECKER, Oskar  (1889-1964). German phenomenologist and contemporary of Husserl.

Works Include:

• Das mathematische Denken der Antike
• Dasein und Dawesen
• Geschicthe der Mathematik (with Joseph Hoffman)
• Grundlagen der Mathematik

BEERLING, Reiner  (1905-1979). Dutch Hegel- and Nietzsche-inspired existentialist author and thinker.

Works Include:

• Antithesen
• Ideeën en Idolen
• Kratos: Mens en Macht
• Moderne Doodsproblematiek
• Onsocratische Gesprekken

BELINSKY, Vissarion Grigoryevich  (1811-1848). Russian literary critic and philosopher who was a huge influence on subsequent movements--especially nihilism.

Works Include:

• Letter to Gogol
• Literary Reveries
• A Survey of Russian Literature
• Woe From Wit

BELL, Daniel  (born 1919). American sociologist who is renowned for his analyses of culture and society in the postmodern age. In his analyses, Bell takes a conservative position and laments the transition from modernity to postmodernity.

Works Include:

• The Coming of Post Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting
• The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism
• The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties
• Work and Its Discontents

BELLAH, Robert Neely  (born 1927). Contemporary American constructivist sociologist who is well-known for his examinations of religion.

Works Include:

• Beyond Belief: Essays on Religion in a Post-Traditional World
• The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial
• The Good Society(with R.Madsen, S.Tipton, and A.Swidler)
• Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Committment in American Life(with R.Madsen, W.Sullivan, and S.Tipton)
• Tokugawa Religion: The Cultural Roots of Modern Japan
• Varieties of Civil Religion

BENEKE, Freidrich Eduard  (1798-1854). German philosopher who drew upon Fries' psychologistic interpretation of Kant as well as the writings of the British empiricists. Greatly influenced the development of psychology.

Works Include:

• Kant und die Philosophische Aufgabe unserer Zeit
• Die Neue Psychologie
• Pragmatische Psychologie
• Psychologie als Naturwissenschaft

BENHABIB, Seyla  (born 1950). Contemporary Turkish-American postmodern theorist, feminist, and Critical Theorist.

Works Include:

• Critique, Norm, and Utopia: A Study of the Foundations of Critical Theory
• Democracy and Difference: Changing Boundaries of the Political(editor)
• Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange(with J. Butler, N. Fraser, D. Cornell)
• The Reluctant Modernism of Hannah Arendt
• Situating the Self: Gender, Community, and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics

BENJAMIN, Jessica  Contemporary American psychoanalytic feminist whose work explores sex differences and the connection between power relations and gender.

Works Include:

• The Bonds of Love: Psychoanalysis, Feminism, and the Problem of Domination
• Like Subjects, Love Objects: Essays on Recognition and Sexual Difference
• Shadow of the Other: Intersubjectivity and Gender in Psychoanalysis

BENJAMIN, Walter  (1892-1940). German literary critic and Critical Theorist. In 1940, he committed suicide rather than face capture at the hands of Nazis. Some of his writings have been collected in 2 volumes: Reflections and Illuminations.

Works Include:

• Concept of Criticism in German Romanticism
• "Goethe's Elective Affinities"
• "On the Concept of History"
• "On Hashish"
• "On the Program of the Coming Philosophy"
• One-Way Street
• Origins of German Tragedy
• "Surrealism"
• "Theses on the Philosophy of History"
• The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

BENNETT, Jonathan Francis  (born 1930). New Zealand-born analytic philosopher and famous translator of philosophical classics.

Works Include:

• The Act Itself
• Events and Their Names
• Kant's Analytic
• Kant's Dialectic
• Linguistic Behavior
• Rationality
• A Study of Spinoza's Ethics

BENTHAM, Jeremy  (1748-1832). British political theorist and founder of philosophical utilitarianism.

Works Include:

• Article on Utilitarianism
• A Fragment on Government
• An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
• A Manual of Political Economy
• Of Laws in General
• A Table of the Springs of Action

BENVENISTE, Émile  (1902-1976). French semiotician and structuralist linguist.

Works Include:

• Indo-European Language and Society
• Noms d'Agent et Noms d'Action en Indo-Européen
• The Persian Religion According to the Chief Greek Text
• Problems in General Linguistics

BERDYAEV, Nikolai  (1874-1948). Russian Christian existentialist. In many of his writings can be found ideas which are close to what one might call "Christian Anarchism".

Works Include:

• The Beginning and the End
• The Bourgeois Mind and Other Studies in Modern Life
• Christianity and Class War
• The Destiny of Man
• The Divine and the Human
• The End of Our Time
• The Fate of Man in the Modern World
• Freedom and the Spirit
• The Meaning of the Creative Act
• The Meaning of History
• Slavery and Freedom
• Solitude and Society
• Truth and Revelation
• Universality and Confessionalism

BERENBAUM, Michael   (born 1945). Contemporary American post-Holocaust theologian and leader in Holocaust studies. Is a former director of the Holocaust Museum.

Works Include:

• After Tragedy and Triumph: Essays in Modern Jewish Thought and American Experience
• Promise to Remember: The Holocaust in the Words and Voices of its Survivors
• The Vision of the Void: Theological Reflections on the Works of Elie Wiesel
• The World Must Know

BERGER, Gaston  (1896-1960). Senegalese-French existential phenomenologist.

Works Include:

• Caractère et Personnalité
• Cogito in Husserl's Philosophy
• Phénoménologie du Temps et Prospective
• Recherches sur les Conditions de la Connaissance: Essai d'une Théorétique Pure

BERGER, Peter L.   Important Contemporary American sociologist whose approach draws on many disciplines.

Works Include:

• The Capitalist Revolution
• Facing up to Modernity: Excursions in Society, Politics, and Religion
• Invitation to Sociology
• The Sacred Canopy
• The Social Construction of Reality(with Thomas Luckmann)
• Sociology Reinterpreted

BERGMANN, Gustav  (1906-1987). Austrian logical positivist (member of the Vienna Circle), philosopher of language, and theorist of science.

Works Include:

• Logic and Reality
• Meaning and Existence
• The Metaphysics of Logical Positivism
• New Foundations of Ontology
• The Philosophy of Science
• Realism: A Critique of Brentano and Meinong

BERGSON, Henri  (1859-1941). French process thinker whose focus on creativity and intuition has profoundly influenced contemporary French thought(like Gilles Deleuze, for example).

Works Include:

• Creative Evolution
• The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics
• Duration and Simultaneity
• Matter and Memory
• Mind-Energy: Lectures and Essays
• Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness
• The Two Sources of Morality and Religion

BERKELEY, George  (1685-1753). Irish empiricist philosopher whose radical critique of materialism paved the way for David Hume's extreme scepticism.

Works Include:

• Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher
• The Analyst
• The Querist
• Three Dialgoues Between Hylas and Philonous
• A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

BERKOUWER, Gerrit Cornelius  (1903-1996). Dutch Reformed theologian who began his career rather conservative, but ended up somewhat progressive and in favor of ecumenism.

Works Include:

• The Church
• Faith and Justificiation
• Faith and Perseverance
• Faith and Revelation in Recent German Theology
• Faith and Sanctification
• Holy Scripture
• Karl Barth
• Man: The Image of God
• The Person of Christ
• The Problem of Scripture Criticism
• Seeking and Finding
• The Triumph of Grace in the Theology of Karl Barth

BERKOVITS, Eliezer  (1908-1992). Romanian-born Jewish theologian. One of the more important names in post-Holocaust theology.

Works Include:

• Crisis and Faith
• Faith After the Holocaust
• God, Man, and History
• A Jewish Critique of the Philosophy of Martin Buber
• Not in Heaven

BERLIN, Isaiah  (1909-1997). Latvian-born British historian, philosopher of history, and political philosopher.

Works Include:

• Against the Current
• Concepts and Categories
• The Crooked Timber of Humanity
• Four Essays on Liberty
• The Proper Study of Mankind
• The Sense of Reality
• Three Critics of the Enlightenment
• Vico and Herder

BERNASCONI, Robert  (born 1950). Contemporary Anglo-American phenomenological philosopher.

Works Include:

• Heidegger in Question: The Art of Existing
• The Question of Language in Heidegger's History of Being
• Re-reading Levinas(co-edited with Simon Critchley)

BERNSTEIN, Eduard  (1850-1932). German Marxist theorist. His writings were core ideas of revisionist Marxism.

Works Include:

• Cromwell and Communism: Socialism and Democracy in the Great English Revolution
• Evolutionary Socialism: A Criticism and Affirmation
• Wie ist Wissenschaftlicher Socialismus Möglich?

BÉRUBÉ, Michael   Contemporary philosopher of culture and theorist of literature.

Works Include:

• The Employment of English: Theory, Jobs, and the Future of Literary Studies
• Marginal Forces/Cultural Centers: Tolson, Pynchon, and the Politics of the Canon
• Public Access: Literary Theory and American Cultural Politics

BEY, Hakim   Pen name of Peter Lamborn Wilson. Postmodern anarchist author. Very unusual, but highly recommended.

Works Include:

• Chaos: The Broadsheets of Ontological Anarchism
• Communiques of the Association for Ontological Anarchy
• Millenium
• Temporary Autonomous Zone

BETH, Karl  (1872-1959). German historian of and philosopher of religion.

Works Include:

• Entwicklungsgedanke und des Christentum
• Orientalische Christenheit der Mittelmeerländer
• Wesen des Christentums und die Modern Historische Denkweise

BHABHA, Homi K.  (born 1949). Indian-born postcolonial theorist.

Works Include:

• Anish Kapoor(with Pier Luigi Tazzi)
• "Cultures in Between: The Writing of Cultural Criticism"
• The Location of Culture
• Nation and Narration(editor)
• "The Other Question: The Stereotype and Colonial Discourse Film"
• "The White Stuff"

BINET, Alfred  (1857-1911). French psychological theorist whose work has contributed greatly to the understanding of human intelligence.

Works Include:

• Alterations of Personality
• The Development of Intelligence in Children (with Theodore Simon)
• Intelligence of the Feeble-Minded (with T. Simon)
• Mind and the Brain

BINSWANGER, Ludwig  (1881-1966). German existential psychologist who drew mainly upon Heideggerian ontology.

Works Include:

• Being-in-the-World: Selected Papers
• Sigmund Freud: Reminiscences of A Friendship
• Traum und Existenz
• Über Ideenflucht
• Über Psychotherapie

BLACK, Max  (1909-1988). Russian-born American ordinary language philosopher. Influenced by Wittgenstein.

Works Include:

• A Companion to Wittgenstein's Tractatus
• The Labyrinth of Language
• Language and Philosophy
• Margins of Precision: Essays in Logic and Language
• Models and Metaphors

BLAKE, William  (1757-1827). Radical English poet. His work was infused with mysticism, philosophy, and great emotion. He has since influenced not just other poets, but philosophers and theologians as well.

Works Include:

• America
• The Book of Thel
• The French Revolution
• Jerusalem
• The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
• Milton
• Songs of Experience
• Songs of Innocence

BLANCHOT, Maurice  (1907-2003). Postmodern French novelist, critic, and philosopher.

Works Include:

• Death Sentence
• The Gaze of Orpheus
• Madness of the Day
• Michel Foucault as I Imagine Him
• The One Who Was Standing Apart From Me
• The Step Not Beyond
• Thomas the Obscure
• The Unavowable Community
• When the Time Comes
• The Writing of the Disaster

BLOCH, Marc  (1886-1944). French historian and a co-founder of the Annales school.

Works Include:

• Feudal Society
• French Rural History
• The Historian's Craft
• The Royal Touch

BLONDEL, Maurice Edouard  (1861-1949). French philosopher of religion and theologian. Very influential and controversial.

Works Include:

• History and Dogma
• L'Action(2 volumes)
• L'Être et Les Êtres: Essaie d'Ontologie Concrète et Intégrale
• Letter on Apologetics
• Pensée

BLOOM, Harold  (born 1930). Radical Jewish-American literary critic whose work is influenced by many sources, yet has much in common with elements of deconstruction.

Works Include:

• Agon: Towards a Theory of Revisionism
• The American Religion: The Emergence of a Post-Christian Nation
• The Anxiety of Influence
• Blake's Apocalypse
• How to Read and Why
• A Map of Misreading
• Omens of Millenium: The Gnosis of Angels, Dreams, and Resurrection
• Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human
• Shelley's Mythmaking
• The Visionary Company

BLUMENBERG, Hans-Christoph  (1920-1996). German postmodern critic whose work has been described as a 'pleasant alternative to French postmodernism.'

Works Include:

• Die Lesbarkeit der Welt
• Genesis of the Copernican World
• Gnosis und Politik
• Lebenszeit und Weltzeit
• The Legitimacy of the Modern Age
• Shipwreck wih Spectator: Paradigm of a Metaphor for Existence
• Work on Myth

BODIN, Jean  (1530-1596). French jurist, philosopher, and economist whose ideas anticipated many developments of modern economics. Was also a staunch advocate of the church's role in political/public life.

Works Include:

• Colloquium About Secrets of the Sublime
• De La Demonomanie des Sorciers
• Method for the Easy Comprehension of History
• Six Books of the Commonwealth
• Théâtre de la Nature Universelle

BOEHME, Jakob  (1576-1624). German mystical philosopher whose work has inspired countless mystics to this day.

Works Include:

• Aurora
• Concerning the Three Principles of Divine Essence
• Mysterium Magnum
• Signature of All Things
• The Supersensual Life
• Threefold Life of Man
• The Way to Christ

BOGDANOV, Alexander A. [né Alexander Malinovski]  (1873-1928). Russian Marxist philosopher and author of works of utopian fiction.

Works Include:

• Basic Elements of the Historical View of Nature
• Empirio-Monism
• A Philosophy of Living Experience
• Tectology

BOLINGBROKE, Henry St. John  (1678-1751). British philosopher whose social and political thought was essentially Lockean.

Works Include:

• Dissertation on Parties
• The Freeholder's Political Catechism
• Letters on the Study of History
• On Patriotism

BOLLNOW, Otto Friedrich  (1903-1992). German phenomenological philosopher of education and hermeneutics. Heidegger and Dilthey are major influences.

Works Include:

• Crisis and New Beginning: Contribution to a Pedagogical Anthropology
• Dilthey: Eine Einfuhrung in Seine Philosophie
• Neue Geborgenheit: Das Problem Einer Überwindung des Existentialismus
• Philosophie der Erkenntnis: Das Vorverstandnis und die Erfahrung des Neuen
• Rilke

BOLZANO, Bernhard  (1781-1848). Austrian-Czech philosopher of mathematics. Prior to making his name in mathematics, Bolzano was a priest and religious thinker.

Works Include:

• Athanasia, oder, Grunde fur die Ansterblichkeit der Seele
• An Attempt at a New Presentation of Logic(4 volumes)
• Binomial Theorem
• Paradoxes of Infinity
• Pure Analytic Proof
• Theory of Science
• Was Ist Philosophie?

BONHOEFFER, Dietrich  (1906-1945). German Lutheran theologian. One of the most radical of the neo-orthodox thinekrs, he is cited as an influence by many contemporary theologians. He was killed by Nazis in World War Two.

Works Include:

• Act and Being
• Christ the Center
• The Cost of Discipleship
• The Cost of Freedom
• Creation and Fall
• Ethics
• Life Together
• Meditating on the Word
• Meditations on the Cross
• Sanctorum Communio: A Theological Study of the Sociology of the Church
• Temptation
• Witness to Jesus Christ

BONTADINI, Gustavo  (1903-1990). Italian metaphysical philosopher who drew upon both Thomism and idealism.

Works Include:

• Saggio di una Metafisica dell'Esperienza
• Studi di Filosofia Moderna
• Studi sull'Idealismo

BOOLE, George  (1815-1864). British philosopher of mathematics and pioneer of symbolic logic.

Works Include:

• The Calculus of Logic
• An Investigation of the Laws of Thought
• Mathematical Analysis of Logic

BORDO, Susan  (born 1948). American feminist theorist of the postmodern.

Works Include:

• The Flight to Objectivity: Essays on Cartesianism and Culture
• The Male Body: A New Look at men in Public and Private
• My Father's Body and Other Unexplored Regions of Masculinity
• Twilight Zones: The Hidden Life of Cultural Images from Plato to O.J.
• Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body

BORKENAU, Franz  (1900-1957). Austrian Marxist historian and social theorist. Worked at the Frankfurt School before the advent of the Critical Theory of Adorno and company.

Works Include:

• Austria and After
• The New German Empire
• Socialism: National or International?
• The Spanish Cockpit: An Eyewitness Account of the Political and Social of the Spanish Civil War
• Totalitarian Enemy
• World Communism: A History of the Communist International

BOSANQUET, Bernard  (1848-1923). English idealist philosopher who was heavily influenced by German idealism (e.g., Hegel). Also known for his important contributions to political theory.

Works Include:

• Philosophical Theory of the State
• The Principle of Individuality and Value
• Psychology of the Moral Self
• The Value and Destiny of the Individual

BOSS, Medard  (1903-1990). Swiss existential psychologist. Influenced by Heidegger, Boss is usually mentioned in the same breath with Ludwig Binswanger as a co-pioneer in "existential psychology."

Works Include:

• The Analysis of Dreams
• Existential Foundations of Medicine and Psychology
• I Dreamt Last Night...
• Psychoanalysis and Daseinanalysis

BOURDIEU, Pierre  (1930-2002). French post-structuralist sociologist and anthropologist.

Works Include:

• Acts of Resistance: Against the Tyranny of the Market
• The Algerians
• Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste
• The Field of Cultural Production
• Homo Academicus
• The Logic of Practice
• Outline of a Theory of Practice
• Pascalian Meditations
• The Political Ontology of Martin Heidegger
• Practical Reason: On the Theory of Action

BOUVERESSE, Jacques  (born 1940). Contemporary French Wittgensteinian philosopher.

Works Include:

• Dire et Ne Rien Dire: L'Illogisme, L'Impossibilité, et le Non-Sens
• La Force de La Regle: Wittgenstein et L'Invention de La Necessité
• Le Mythe de L'Interiorité: Experience, Signification et Langage Privé chez Wittgenstein
• L'Homme Probable: Robert Musil, Le Hasard, Le Moyenne, et L'Escargot de L'Histoire
• Rationalité et Cynisme
• Wittgenstein Reads Freud: The Myth of the Unconscious

BOUWSMA, Oets Kolk  (1898-1978). American Wittgensteinian philosopher and commentator.

Works Include:

• Commonplace Book: Remarks on Philosophy and Education
• Notes on Wittgenstein's Philosophy
• Philosophical Essays
• Toward a New Sensibility
• Without Proof or Evidence

BRAATEN, Carl  (born 1929). American theologian whose work draws upon many 20th-century theological trends, yet whose thought can be characterized as evangelical Lutheran.

Works Include:

• Christ and Counter-Christ: Apocalyptic Themes in Theology and Culture
• Eschatology and Ethics
• The Flaming Center: A Theology of the Christian Mission
• Justification: The Article by Which the Church Stands or Falls
• No Other Gospel: Christianity Among the World's Religions
• Principles of Lutheran Theology

BRADLEY, Francis Herbert  (1846-1924). English philosopher and perhaps the most famous of all 'British Idealists'.

Works Include:

• Appearance and Reality
• Essays on Truth and Reality
• Ethical Studies
• Principles of Logic

BRAIDOTTI, Rosi  Italian post-structuralist feminist whose work is an attempt to re-think female subjectivity within a postmodern context.

• Metamorphoses: Towards a Materialist Theory of Becoming
• Nomadic Subjects: Embodiment and Sexual Difference in Contemporary Feminist Theory
• Patterns of Dissonance: A Study of Women and Contemporary Philosophy

BRAITHWAITE, Richard Bevan  (1900-1990). British philosopher of science and ethics.

Works Include:

• An Empiricist's View of the Nature of Religious Belief
• Scientific Explanation: A Study of Theory, Probability, and Law in Science
• Theory of Games as a Tool for the Moral Philosopher

BRAUDEL, Fernand  (1902-1985). French structuralist historian/philosopher of history. He was a founder of the Annales School of history.

Works Include:

• Civilization and Capitalism, 15th to 18th Centuries(3 volumes)
• A History of Civilizations
• The Identity of France
• The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
• On History

BRAVERMAN, Harry  (1920-1976). American Marxist-influenced theorist whose Labor and Monopoly Capital is considered one of the landmarks of twentieth century social theory.

Works Include:

• The Future of Russia
• Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century

BRAYBROOKE, David  (born 1924). Canadian-American analytic philosopher of the social sciences.

Works Include:

• Logic on the Track of Social Change
• Meeting Needs
• Philosophical Problems of the Social Sciences
• Philosophy of Social Science
• A Strategy of Decision: Policy Evaluation as a Social Process(with Charles Lindblom)
• Three Tests for Democracy

BRECHT, Bertolt  (1898-1956). German author and playwright who was an avowed Marxist. Infused his works with socially conscious themes and ideas.

Works Include:

• Baal
• The Beggar's Opera
• The Elephant Calf
• Galileo
• The Good Woman of Szechuan
• Manual of Piety
• Mother Courage and her Children
• On Theatre: The Development of an Aesthetic
• The Rise and Fall of the City of Mahogany
• Saint Joan of the Stockyards
• The Seven Deadly Sins of the Petty Bourgeoisie

BRÉE, Germaine  (1907-2001). French-American existentialist. A renowned Camus scholar.

Works Include:

• Camus
• Camus and Sartre: Crisis and Commitment

BRENTANO, Franz  (1838-1917). German psychologist-philosopher. His version of empiricism went on to have a profound impact on Husserl, and in Husserl's hands, it was turned into contemporary phenomenology.

Works Include:

• Aristotle and His Worldview
• Descriptive Psychology
• The Foundation and Construction of Ethics
• On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle
• The Origin of Our Knowledge of Right and Wrong
• Philosophical Investigations on Space, Time, and Continuum
• Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
• The Psychology of Aristotle: In Particular His Doctrine of the Active Intellect: With an Appendix Concerning the Activity of Aristotle's God
• Sensory and Noetic Consciousness
• True and the Evident

BRÉTON, Stanislas  (born 1913). Phenomenologically-inspired French Catholic theologian-philosopher. Along with Jean-Luc Marion is perhaps the foremost French religious philosopher alive today.

Works Include:

• Écriture et Révélation
• L'Autre et l'Ailleurs
• La Pensée du Rien
• Philosophie et Mystique: Existence et Surexistence
• Rien ou Quelque Chose: Roman de Métaphysique
• Unicité et Monothéisme
• The Word and the Cross

BRIDGMAN, Percy Williams  (1882-1961). American physicist and philosopher of science. Won the Nobel prize for physics in 1946.

Works Include:

• The Intelligent Individual and Society
• The Logic of Modern Physics
• The Nature of Physical Theory
• Reflections of a Physicist

BRING, Ragnar  (1895-1988). Swedish theologian loosely connected with the Lundensian school.

Works Include:

• Commentary on Galatians
• Dualismen hos Luther
• How God Speaks to Us: The Dynamic of the Living Word
• Teologi och Religion

BROAD, Charles Dunbar  (1887-1971). British realist philosopher who--unlike anti-metaphysical thinkers like G.E. Moore or Bertrand Russell--was willing to grant the possibility of the existence of the supernatural.

Works Include:

• Berkeley's Argument
• Critical Essays in Moral Philosophy
• Ethics and the History of Philosophy
• An Examination of Mactaggart's Philosophy
• Five Types of Ethical Theory
• Induction, Probability, and Causation: Selected Papers
• The Mind and Its Place in Nature
• Perception, Physics, and Reality: An Enquiry Into the Information that the Physical Science can Supply about the Real
• Scientific Thought

BROUWER, Luitzen Egbertus Jan  (1881-1966). Dutch philosopher of mathematics and founder of mathematical intuitionism.

Works Include:

• Lectures on Intutionism
• Over de Grondslagen der Wiskunde
• Over de Onbetrouwbaarheid der Logische Principes

BROWNMILLER, Susan  (born 1935). Amercian liberal feminist whose book on rape, Against Our Will, is a classic.

Works Include:

• Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape
• Femininity
• In Our Time: Memoirs of a Revolution

BRUNO, Giordano  (1548-1600). Italian philosopher-scientist who rejected much of the orthodox thinking of his day. As a result of his radical ideas, he was burned at the stake.

Works Include:

• Cabala of Pegasus
• Cause, Principle, and Unity
• Heroic Enthusiasts
• The Infinite
• On the Composition of Images, Signs, and Ideas
• On Magic

BRUNNER, Heinrich Emil  (1889-1966). Swiss Protestant neo-orthodox theologian.

Works Include:

• The Christian Doctrine of Creation and Redemption
• The Christian Doctrine of God: Dogmatics
• Christianity and Civilization
• The Divine-Human Encounter
• The Divine Imperative
• Faith, Hope, and Love
• Justice and the Social Order
• The Mediator
• The Misunderstanding of the Church
• Our Faith
• The Philosophy of Religion from the Standpoint of Protestant Theology
• Revelation and Reason
• The Scandal of Christianity: The Gospel as Stumbling Block to Modern Man

BRUNSCHVICG, Léon  (1869-1944). French idealist philosopher-theologian. Was also influenced by Neo-Kantianism.

Works Include:

• Les Âges de L'Intelligence
• Blaise Pascal
• Les Étapes de la Philosophie MathÉmatique
• L'Idéalisme Contemporain
• L'Introduction à la Vie de L'Esprit
• La Modalité du Jugement
• Le Progrés de la Conscience dans la Philosophie Occidentale(2 volumes)
• La Raison et La Religion

BUBER, Martin  (1878-1965). Austrian-Jewish existential thinker. Also well known for his studies of Hasidism and even utopian socialism.

Works Include:

• Between Man and Man
• Eclipse of God: Studies in the Relation Between Religion and Philosophy
• Good and Evil
• Hasidism and Modern Man
• I and Thou
• Kingship of God
• Knowledge of Man
• Moses: The Revelation and The Covenant
• Paths in Utopia
• Prophetic Faith
• Tales of the Hasidim
• Two Types of Faith

BUCHNER, Friedrich Karl Christian  (1824-1899). German materialist philosopher who held that all of reality was a combination of matter and energy.

Works Include:

• Force and Matter
• Man in the Past, Present, and Future
• Mind in Animals

BUKHARIN, Nikolai  (1888-1938). Russian Marxist who was one of the leading theoreticians of communism during the formative years of the Soviet Union. Like many theorists and intellectuals, was executed during Stalin's reign.

Works Include:

• The ABCs of Communism(with E. O. Preobazhensky)
• The Economic Theory of the Leisure Class
• Economics of the Transformation Period
• Historical Materialism
• Imperialism and the World Economy
• The Path to Socialism in Russia

BULGAKOV, Sergei  (1871-1944). Russian Orthodox theologian-philosopher. Early on in his life, Bulgakov wrote on economics and Marxism.

Works Include:

• The Holy Grail and Eucharist
• Karl Marx as a Religious Type
• The Orthodox Church
• Philosophy of Economy: The World as Household
• Sophia, The Wisdom of God: An Outline of Sophiology
• Tragedy of Philosophy

BULTMANN, Rudolf  (1884-1976). Heidegger-inspired German neo-orthodox theologian. One of the biggest names in theology of the 20th century--along with Bonhoeffer, Barth, Tillich, and the Niebuhrs.

Works Include:

• Faith and Understanding
• Jesus and the Word
• Kerygma and Myth
• New Testament and Mythology

BUNGE, Mario  (born 1919). Argentinian-born physicist and philosopher of science.

Works Include:

• Causality: The Place of the Causal Principle in Modern Science
• Finding Philosophy in Social Science
• Intuition and Science
• The Methodological Unity of Science
• The Mind-Body Probelm: A Psycho-Biological Approach
• The Myth of Simplicity: Problems of Scientific Philosophy
• Philosophy of Science

Works Include:

• Counter-Statement
• A Grammar of Motives
• Language as Symbolic Action
• Permanence and Change
• A Rhetoric of Motives
• A Rhetoric of Religion

BUTLER, Joseph  (1692-1752). English philosopher and bishop who spent much of his academic career as an apologist and moralist.

Works Include:

• Analogy of Religion
• Charge Delivered to the Clergy
• Sermons

BUTLER, Judith  (born 1956). American postmodern feminist theorist. Has been profoundly influenced by post-structuralist thought, especially Michel Foucault and Luce Irigaray.

Works Include:

• Antigone's Claim: Kinship Between Life and Death
• Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex"
• Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative
• Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity
• The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection

BUYTENDIJK, Frederick Jacobus Johannes  (1887-1974). Medically-trained Dutch phenomenological psychologist who is most known for his writings on the Lebenswelt(life-world).

• Person and World
• Prolegomena to an Anthropological Physiology
• Psychology of Animals
• Studies Over Dosteovsky
• Wesen und Sinn des Spiels