The annihilation of Iraq
Iraq and Azerbaijan had towards the end of the 1300s came under the
rule of the Islamized Mongol Chiefs of the Jelair clan who had descended from
Jelme, the great general of Chingiz Ka’khan. The Jelair converts to Islam,
Ahmed Jelair ibn Uweis and his brother Husain were engaged in a deadly struggle
in which Ahmed, described as a vicious despot, brave warrior and protector of
scholars triumphed. He executed his brothers and moved victoriously to
Sultaniyeh one of the principal cities of Iraq, when Timur-i-lang, who had just
smothered Iran marched against him. Timur easily captured Sultaniyeh and Ahmed
fled to Tabriz. Timur decided not to campaign any further and returned to
Samarqand to rest for about a year. In 1386 he suddenly flared up on the pious
urge of chastising the Luristanis who had raided a caravan to Macca. Having
crushed the Lursitanis, he had them catapulted from mountain tops. Then he
moved swiftly into Azerbaijan and captured Tabriz, with Ahmed Jelair running
away to Baghdad at the very news of Timur’s coming. Timur then conquered the
outpost of Nakhichevan and declared a Jihad on the Christians of Georgia. He
first invaded Kars and destroyed the city completely in 1386. Then he assailed
Tiflis the capital of Georgia with his cavalry divisions. Shaken by the assault
in winter, when supplies were low and the cold biting, the Georgian cavalry was
easily defeated by the Timurid forces. The Georgian king Bagrat V was captured
and converted to Islam at sword point. Timur was triumphantly returning to Iraq
when Khan Toqtamaish, the supreme ruler of the Mongolian Kipachak horde moved
through the Derbent pass on the West shore of the Caspian Sea and attacked
Timur. A fierce dispute broke out over the possession of Azerbaijan and the
Mongol horsemen crushed the Timurid frontline corps causing his troops to
panic. However, Timur’s son, Miran Shah delivered a large reinforcement of
cavalry archers to relieve his father’s corps. He then lead a charge of the
heavy cavalry on the Mongol center and overwhelmed it causing Toqtamaish to
retreat north of the Derbent pass.
Then Timur held a grand Quriltai and review of his troops with the
intention invading Armenia. Having made it clear that the Turkoman Amirs of
Armenia where not observing Islam properly he declared a Jihad on them. He
first attacked the Turkoman cities of Erzerum and Erzincan and defeated the
Amir Taheren in a campaign that lasted just a single day. Having made the Amir
kiss his shoe, he marched on the city of Mus to crush the remaining Turkomans
and sent his son Miran Shah to Kurdistan to destroy Qara Mehmet Turmush, the
lord of the Qara-Qoyunlu Turks. Timur then sacked Van and hurled its
inhabitants of crags and headed to destroy the Muzzafarid sultans. It was here
that the greatest massacres of Timur were conducted. The Malik of Ispahan,
Muzzafar-i-Kashi surrendered to Timur, but his troops killed Timur’s tax
collectors at night. Timur immediately ordered a general depopulation of the
whole city with his whole army being called to participate in the slaughter.
Ibn Arab Shah states that the scenes of horror far exceeded those of Chingiz
Ka’Khan’s invasions. 70000 heads were piled to erect minarets of heads in
various parts of the city. The ramparts of city were decorated by a continuous
line of severed heads and the remaining were heaped in layers around the city.
Thus having crushed the Muzzafarids he returned to Samarqand as Khan Toqtamaish
had invaded it. He returned to the Iraqi campaign for his famed 5 years war in
1392. He opened operations, south of
the Caspian and killed some local Maliks claiming to the descendent of Mohammed
the founder of Islam. He then burnt down the forests of Meshed-i-Sar declaring
that he wanted to make them into steppes, but only succeeded in desertifying
the region. Then he marched on the Shiites moving towards the Iran-Iraq
boundary and slew them for infidelity. The Muzaffarid prince Shah Mansur killed
his brothers and became the sole lord of the Muzaffarids and challenged Timur,
overconfident over the possession of the impregnable fort of Qala-i-Sefid that
protected his capital of Shiraz. Timur decided to blood his 17 year old son,
Shah Rukh in this campaign and directed him to take Qala-i-Sefid even as Timur
himself blockaded Shiraz. Shah Rukh performed brilliantly capturing Shustar
after fording the Tigris and its tributaries and moving along the Persian Gulf,
deflecting a little East, to set up a savage bombardment on Q-i-Sefid. At night
a group of crack troops took the fort by escalade under the cover of massed
firing from Shah Rukh ground defense corps. The fort door was opened and the
garrison was massacred. Timur-i-lang immediately attacked Shiraz forcing Shah
Mansur, the Muzaffarid, to face him in open battle. Through his sheer valor Mansur
broke through the Timurid ranks and appeared right before Timur and struck his
sword off his hand.
He then delivered two blows with his sword on Timur’s head, whose
massive helmet saved him from certain death. Shah Rukh interceded and cut off
Mansur’s head and threw it at Timur’s feet. Timur seized Shiraz and thoroughly
looted it taking all wealth and the best women from the city for himself. He
put death all the Muzaffarids, once and for all ending this Arab dynasty in
1393. The he moved on Baghdad, from where Ahmed Jelair fled in terror to Egypt
to seek aid of the Mamluqs. Timur’s son Miran Shah crushed the Jelairid army at
Karbala and the Timurids ravaged the countryside: in his own words “as locusts
and ants speeding in all directions”. Then he sent his son Umar Shaikh on the
Kurds. He himself conquered the impregnable fort of Tekrit from the Kurds
besieged the powerful citadels of Mardin and Amid. Umar Shaikh, his second son
was slain by an arrow shot by the Kurds. He held on grimly and finally liquidated
the Kurds in 1394 after fierce fighting. He got the news that his son Miran
Shah had faced a crushing defeat at the hands of the new Georgian King Jorgi VI
while trying to take the Caucasus fort of Alinjaq. Miran Shah fell from his
horse while retreating and broke his skull, resulting in madness. Timur moved
back in fury to destroy Georgia once and for all. He describes himself as
destroying and depopulating 700 towns and villages to lay waste to the whole
land. He killed the Christian ruler and destroyed every church in Georgia,
before returning.
Timur finally ended the conquest of Iraq with the bloody sacking of
Baghdad. The Mongol former Sultan, Ahmed Jelair and the Turkish Qara-Qoyunlu
Amir, Qara Yusuf formed an alliance in Egypt and with the aid of the Mamluq
sultan, Barquq recaptured Baghdad. The city had earlier surrendered to Timur
after Ahmed and Yusuf had fled to Egypt. Furious over its recapture Timur
invaded Baghdad with a large force in June of 1401. Timur launched seven
sorties on the city each time using a different division of his army and from a
different direction on each occasion. On the seventh sortie Timur ordered all
his divisions to pounce on Yusuf and Ahmed’s corps. The opponents were badly
beaten, and in the confusion Yusuf and Ahmed left their troops to fend for
themselves and started feeling to Egypt. The Turk, Arab and Mongol divisions
defended Baghdad with great courage but were no match to Timur’s men who had
already breached the fortifications and poured into the city. Timur ordered
that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to
show. Ibn Arab Shah declares that a few
lakhs were slain around July 10th 1401. Timur spared the lives of
scholars and the Ulema and presented them with green cloaks. Amongst these the
astronomers he sent to his observatory in Samarqand where his son Shah Rukh and
grandson Ulugh Beg, were to cause a great efflorescence of science in Central
Asia. He demolished and burnt down all the buildings in Baghdad, except for the
Masjids and his horsemen rode around to flatten the ground. With the rivers
turning red with blood and the heaped corpses rotting in the July heat,
diseases swept through the land in a big way forcing Timur to retreat rapidly
leaving the whole place in utter perdition. Ironically in the midst of all this
destruction the cowardly Yusuf and Ahmed found safety in Egypt and lived there
till Timur’s death. Latter on while Shah Rukh and his clansmen were fighting
over their inheritance the two quietly returned to Baghdad.