Evidence for the Fine Tuning of the Universe and creation by God.


The constants of the laws of physics have been finely tuned to a degree not possible through human engineering,

Four of the more finely tuned numbers are included in the table below.

Fine Tuning of the Physical Constants of the Universe Parameter Max. Deviation

Ratio of Electrons:Protons 1:1037
Ratio of Electromagnetic Force:Gravity 1:1040
Expansion Rate of Universe 1:1055
Mass of Universe1 1:1059
Cosmological Constant 1:10120
These numbers represent the maximum deviation from the accepted values, that would either prevent the universe from existing now, not having matter, or be unsuitable for any form of life.

Recent Studies have confirmed the fine tuning of the cosmological constant. This cosmological constant is a force that increases with the increasing size of the universe.

The degree of fine-tuning is difficult to imagine. Dr. Ross gives an example of the least fine-tuned of the above four examples in his book, The Creator and the Cosmos, which is reproduced here:

One part in 1037 is such an incredibly sensitive balance that it is hard to visualize. The following analogy might help: Cover the entire North American continent in dimes all the way up to the moon, a height of about 239,000 miles (In comparison, the money to pay for the U.S. federal government debt would cover one square mile less than two feet deep with dimes.). Next, pile dimes from here to the moon on a billion other continents the same size as North America. Paint one dime red and mix it into the billion of piles of dimes. Blindfold a friend and ask him to pick out one dime. The odds that he will pick the red dime are one in 1037.

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Fine Tuning Parameters for the Universe

Strong nuclear force constant

If larger: no hydrogen would form; atomic nuclei for most
life-essential elements would be unstable; thus, no life chemistry.

If smaller: no elements heavier than hydrogen would form: again, no
life chemistry.


Weak nuclear force constant

If larger: too much hydrogen would convert to helium in big bang;
hence, stars would convert too much matter into heavy elements making
life chemistry impossible.

If smaller: too little helium would be produced from big bang; hence,
stars would convert too little matter into heavy elements making life chemistry
impossible.


Gravitational force constant

If larger: stars would be too hot and would burn too rapidly and too
unevenly for life chemistry.

If smaller: stars would be too cool to ignite nuclear fusion; thus,
many of the elements needed for life chemistry would never form.


Electromagnetic force constant

If greater: chemical bonding would be disrupted; elements more massive
than boron would be unstable to fission.

If lesser: chemical bonding would be insufficient for life chemistry
ratio of electromagnetic force constant to gravitational force
constant.

If larger: all stars would be at least 40% more massive than the sun;
hence, stellar burning would be too brief and too uneven for life
support.

If smaller: all stars would be at least 20% less massive than the sun,
thus incapable of producing heavy elements.


Ratio of electron to proton mass

If larger: chemical bonding would be insufficient for life chemistry.

If smaller: same as above.


Ratio of number of protons to number of electrons

If larger: electromagnetism would dominate gravity, preventing galaxy,
star, and planet formation.

If smaller: same as above.


Expansion rate of the universe

If larger: no galaxies would form.

If smaller: universe would collapse, even before stars formed.


Entropy level of the universe

If larger: stars would not form within proto-galaxies.

If smaller: no proto-galaxies would form.


Mass density of the universe

If larger: overabundance of deuterium from big bang would cause stars
to burn rapidly, too rapidly for life to form.

If smaller: insufficient helium from big bang would result in a
shortage of heavy elements.


Velocity of light

If faster: stars would be too luminous for life support if slower:
stars would be insufficiently luminous for life support.


Age of the universe

If older: no solar-type stars in a stable burning phase would exist in
the right (for life) part of the galaxy.

If younger: solar-type stars in a stable burning phase would not yet
have formed.


Initial uniformity of radiation

If more uniform: stars, star clusters, and galaxies would not have
formed.

If less uniform: universe by now would be mostly black holes and empty
space average distance between galaxies.

If larger: star formation late enough in the history of the universe
would be hampered by lack of material.

If smaller: gravitational tug-of-wars would destabilize the sun's
orbit.


Density of galaxy cluster

If denser: galaxy collisions and mergers would disrupt the sun's
orbit.

If less dense: star formation late enough in the history of the
universe would be hampered by lack of material.


Average distance between stars

If larger: heavy element density would be too sparse for rocky planets
to form.

If smaller: planetary orbits would be too unstable for life.


Fine structure constant (describing the fine-structure splitting of
spectral lines).

If larger: all stars would be at least 30% less massive than the sun

If larger than 0.06: matter would be unstable in large magnetic fields

If smaller: all stars would be at least 80% more massive than the sun


Decay rate of protons

If greater: life would be exterminated by the release of radiation

If smaller: universe would contain insufficient matter for life


12C to 16O nuclear energy level ratio

If larger: universe would contain insufficient oxygen for life

If smaller: universe would contain insufficient carbon for life


Ground state energy level for 4He

If larger: universe would contain insufficient carbon and oxygen for
life.

If smaller: same as above.


Decay rate of 8Be

If slower: heavy element fusion would generate catastrophic explosions
in all the stars.

If faster: no element heavier than beryllium would form; thus, no life
chemistry.


Ratio of neutron mass to proton mass

If higher: neutron decay would yield too few neutrons for the
formation of many life-essential elements.

If lower: neutron decay would produce so many neutrons as to collapse
all stars into neutron stars or black holes.


Initial excess of nucleons over anti-nucleons

If greater: radiation would prohibit planet formation.

If lesser: matter would be insufficient for galaxy or star formation.


Polarity of the water molecule

If greater: heat of fusion and vaporization would be too high for
life.

If smaller: heat of fusion and vaporization would be too low for life;
liquid water would not work as a solvent for life chemistry; ice would
not float, and a runaway freeze-up would result.


Supernovae eruptions

If too close, too frequent, or too late: radiation would exterminate
life on the planet.

If too distant, too infrequent, or too soon: heavy elements would be
too sparse for rocky planets to form.


White dwarf binaries

If too few: insufficient fluorine would exist for life chemistry.

If too many: planetary orbits would be too unstable for life.

If formed too soon: insufficient fluorine production.

If formed too late: fluorine would arrive too late for life chemistry.


Ratio of exotic matter mass to ordinary matter mass

If larger: universe would collapse before solar-type stars could form.

If smaller: no galaxies would form.


Number of effective dimensions in the early universe

If larger: quantum mechanics, gravity, and relativity could not
coexist; thus, life would be impossible.

If smaller: same result.


Number of effective dimensions in the present universe

If smaller: electron, planet, and star orbits would become unstable.

If larger: same result.


Mass of the neutrino

If smaller: galaxy clusters, galaxies, and stars would not form.

If larger: galaxy clusters and galaxies would be too dense.


Big bang ripples

If smaller: galaxies would not form; universe would expand too
rapidly.

If larger: galaxies/galaxy clusters would be too dense for life; black
holes would dominate; universe would collapse before life-site could
form.


Size of the relativistic dilation factor

If smaller: certain life-essential chemical reactions will not
function properly.

If larger: same result.


Uncertainty magnitude in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle

If smaller: oxygen transport to body cells would be too small and
certain life-essential elements would be unstable.

If larger: oxygen transport to body cells would be too great and
certain life-essential elements would be unstable.


Cosmological constant

If larger: universe would expand too quickly to form solar-type stars.