Terrorist attacks on the us
I am not saying that all depression is the result of childhood trauma or that all children who were abused become clinically depressed, just that in many children there seems to be a causal relationship between early abuse and depression. terrorist attacks on the us Effects of terrorism. In dealing with the vets I found the same sort of relationship -- those who were diagnosed with PTSD tended to have traumatic childhoods and those who were free of PTSD did not. What is PTSD? Although traumatic events have long been known to cause psychological problems, the disorder itself was first formally characterized in the early 1980s. Even now it is the subject of controversy, with many psychiatrists and clinical psychologists saying a diagnosis of PTSD is meaningless (see articles in recent editions of the British Medical Journal). terrorist attacks on the us Reactions of september 11 2001 terrorist attacks. Personally I do not subscribe to this view, rather I believe the problem is one of inaccurate diagnosis. Generally speaking PTSD is identified by the following three symptoms: 1) re- experiencing traumatic events (ie, obsessive recollections, flashbacks, nightmares); 2) avoidant symptoms (fear of being with people); and 3) signs of hyperarousal (easily startled, irritable). Traumatized people often suffer from a combination of PTSD, depression and other anxiety disorders. terrorist attacks on the us Definitions of terrorism. Often the victims of PTSD are mis-diagnosed. For example, some patients will present more severe symptoms of hyperarousal with severe depression. The re- experiencing of events is often mis-diagnosed as "obsessiveness" within a depressive disorder. Hyperarousal symptoms may be mis-diagnosed as insomnia and anxiety within a major depressive episode. Other PTSD victims are mis-diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Danger of mis-diagnosisPeople with symptoms such as social avoidance, hyperarousal or anxiety may have also self-medicated their condition with alcohol to mute the symptoms and, as with active alcoholics, they may deny their drinking. Still other patients may experience mixed obsessive recollections with flashbacks and, at times, auditory and visual hallucinations. These patients may be mis-diagnosed as dissociative or psychotic. Patients with severe insomnia, symptoms of hyperarousal, severe irritability and racing thoughts may be misdiagnosed as manics or hypermanic borderline patients (patients whose mania centers around a desperate fear of abandonment). A careful interview is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis and discover new behavioral traits wich separate PTSD from other disorders. (Alicia, once worked with a psychiatrist at a major NY hospital who claimed to be able to accurately diagnose schizophrenia and other disorders within the space of a 3 minute interview!) Usually the patients are put on drugs, and very often the wrong drugs, as a result of these misdiagnoses. And yet PTSD is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, affecting nearly 8% of the population (Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E et al. (1995), "Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey". Arch Gen Psychiatry 52(12):1048-1060) and is growing fast. I believe there are two stages in the development of PTSD.
Terrorist attacks on the us
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