Bibliography for Lingua Francas (Swahili mostly), Pidgins, Creoles, and Koinès in Africa

(by no means exhaustive)

For corrections or suggestions, email: mdiriye@hotmail.com; diriyeam@magellan.umontreal.ca

©Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi. 28 September 1998


Amono, R.F. 1963. Problems of Ghanian Lingue Francae. In: Spencer, John (ed.). Language in Africa: Papers of the Leverhulme Conference on Universities and the Language Problems in Tropical Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Awonusi, V.O. 1985. Issues in Language Planning: An Examination of the Continued Role of English as Nigeria's Lingua Franca. Sociolinguistics, 15(1): 25-30.

Banjo, Ayo. 1986. Varieties of English in a Multilingual Setting in Nigeria. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, 37-50.

Bokamba, Eyamba G. 1993. Language Variation and Change in Pervasively Multilingual Societies: Bantu Languages. In: Mufwene, Salikoko S., & Moshi, Lioba (eds). Topics in African Linguistics. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Pp 207-252.

Boucher, Evelyn. 1983. Développement du Swahili en Afrique Noire et recule de l'Anglais dans le Sud-Est asiatique. Traduire. 117:15-17.

Brann, Conrad B. 1985. Official and National Languages in Africa: Complementarity or Conflict? Quebec: Centre International de Recherche sur le Bilingualisme.

Brenzinger, Matthias (ed). 1992. Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to East Africa. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Casali, Roderic F. 1995. On the Reduction of Vowel Systems in Volta-Congo. African Languages and Cultures. 8(2):109-121.

De Rooij, Vincent A. 1997. Shaba Swahili: Partial Creolization Due to Second Language Learning and Substrate Pressure. In: Arthur K. Spears & Donald Winford (eds.). The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles Including Selected Papers from the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Comapany.

Dirven, René. 1993. The Use of Languages and Language Policies in Africa: goals of the LiCCA Program. Intenational Journal of the Sociology of Language. 100-101:179-189.

Djite, Paulin G. 1993. Language and Development in Africa. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 100-101:149-166.

Dumont, Pierre 1990. Le Francais Langue Africaine. Paris: L'Harmattan.

Ekwelie, Sylvanus A. 1971. Swahili as a Lingua Franca: A Study in Language Development. Geneve Afrique. 10(2):86-99.

Fabian, Johannes. 1986. Simplicity on Command: On Pidginization of Swahili in Shaba (Zaire). In: Fishman, J.A. et al. (eds.). The Fergusonian Impact: in Honor of Charles A. Ferguson, Vol. 1: from Phonology to Society. Berlin, West Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. Ch. 27.

Fabian, Johannes & Said, Edward W. 1986. Language and Colonial Power. Cambridge: Cambridge U Press.

Fakuade, Gbenga. 1994. Lingua Franca from African Sources in Nigeria: The Journey so far. Language Problems and Language Planning. 18(1):38-46.

------------. 1989. A Three Language Formula for Nigeria: Problems of Implementation. Language Problems and Language Planning., 13(1):54-59.

Ferraz, L. Ivens. 1984. Fanakalo: A Pidgin Caught in a Crisis. York Papers in Linguistics. 11:107-116.

Goyvaerts, Didier L., Zembele, Tembue. 1992. Codeswitching in Bukavu. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 13(1-2):71-81.

Greenberg, Joseph Harold. 1966. The Languages of Africa. The Hague: Mouton.

------------. Sociolinguistic Research in Africa.In: Dil, Anwar S. 1983. Language, Culture and Communication: Essays by Joseph H. Greenberg. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

------------.The Study of Language Contact in Africa. In: Dil, Anwar S. 1983. Language, Culture and Communication: Essays by Joseph H. Greenberg. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press

Heine, Bernd. 1970. Lingua franca und Familie in Afrika. Sociologus. 20:42-56.

Hinnebusch, Thomas J. 1996. What Kind of Language Is Swahili? Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere; 47, Sept, 73-95.

------------. 1975. A reconstructed chronology of loss: Swahili Class 9/10. Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on African Linguistics. Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics. 20:32-41.

------------. 1976. Swahili: genetic affiliations and evidence. In: L.M. Hyman, L. Jacobsen,and R.G. Schuh (eds.). Papers in African Linguistics, in Honor of W. E. Welmers. Studies in African Linguistics, Supplement 6,.pp. 95-108

Hulstaert, Gustaaf. 1989. L'Origine du lingala. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere. 1989, 17, Mar, 81-114.

Indakwa, John. 1978. A 'Lingua Franca' for Africa. Kiswahili, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 48(1):57-73.

Kapanga, Andre Mwamba. 1990. Language variation and language attitudes: A case study from Shaba Swahili. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 20(1):175-188 (Spring 1990) .

------------. 1993. Shaba Swahili and the Processes of Linguistic Contact. In: Byrne, Francis, & Holm, John (eds). Atlantic Meets Pacific: a Global View of Pidginization and Creolization (Selected Papers from the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Pp 441-458.

------------. 1998. Impact of language variation and accomodation theory on language maintenance: an analysis of Shaba Swahili. In: Grenoble, Lenore A (ed.). Endangered Languages: Current Issues and Future Prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Khainisi, Abdu M. 1974. "Swahili as a national language", in: G. Ruhumbika (ed.), Towards Ujamaa. Kampala -- Nairobi -- Dar es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau, 288-308.

------------. 1983. "Kiswahili ikiwa ni lugha ya kimataifa" [Swahili as an international language], in: Makala za Semina ya Kimataifa ya Waandishi wa Kiswahili [Papers of the International Swahili Writers' Seminar], Vol. I Lugha ya Kiswahili [Swahili language]. Dar es Salaam: Institute of Kiswahili Re-search, 1-18.

Khamis, Said Ahmed Mohamed. 1984. Urban versus rural Swahili (A study of Pemba Varieties). [Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Karl Marx University, Leipzig.]

Kihore, Yared M. 1976. Tanzania's language policy and Kiswahili's historical background. Kis-wahili. 46(2): 47-67.

Legère, Karsten. Language Shift in Tanzanja. In: Brenzinger, Matthias [Ed}. 1992. Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to East Africa. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Lewis, P. W.; Roux, J. C. 1996. A Phonological Process Analysis of the Acquisition and Loss of Clicks in Xhosa. South African Journal of African Languages. 16(1): 1-7.

Manessy, Gabriel 1994. Pratique du Francais en Afrique Noire Francophone. Langue Francaise. 104: 11-19.

Manessy, Gabriel and Wald, Paul. 1984. Le Francais en Afrique Noire. Paris: L'Harmattan.

Mazrui, Alamin M. 1996. The Religious Factor in Language Nationalism -The Case of Kiswahili in Kenya. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 118:107-124.

Mochiwa, Zacharia S. M. 1979. The impact of Kiswahili language on ethnic languages: A case study from Handeni District. Dar es Salaam: University [Unpublished M. A. thesis, Dar es Salaam University.]

Mohammed, Aliyu; Momodu, A. G. and Schild, Ulla. 1976. The Search for a Lingua Franca and Standards in Nigerian Education. In: Momodu, A.G.S. and Schild, Ulla (eds.). Nigerian Writing: Nigeria as Seen by Her Own Writers as well as by German Authors. Tübingen: Erdmann. 153-166.

Mufwene, Salikoko S., & Moshi, Lioba (eds). 1993. Topics in African Linguistics. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

------------. 1977. Jargons, Pidgins, Creoles and Koines: What Are They? In: Arthur K. Spears & Donald Winford (eds.). The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles Including Selected Papers from the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Comapany.

------------. 1989 La Creolisation en Bantou: les cas du kituba, du lingala urbain, et du Swahili du Shaba. Etudes Creoles. 12(1):74-106.

Ngalasso, Mwatha Musanji. 1984. Pidgins, Créoles ou köinès? A propos de quelques langues vehiculaires africaines. Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain. 9(3-4):135-161.

Nurse, Derek And Thomas Spear. 1985. The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800-1500. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Pasch, Helma. 1993. Phonological Similarities between Sango and Its Base Language: Is Sango a Pidgin/Creole or a Koine? In: Mufwene, Salikoko S., & Moshi, Lioba (eds). Topics in African Linguistics. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Pp 279-292.

------------. 1997. The Choice of Linguae Francae in Triglossic Environments in Africa. In: Putz, Martin (ed). Language Choices: Conditions, Constraints, and Consequences. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1997. Pp 45-54.

Polomé, Edgar C. & C. P. Hill. 1980. Language in Tanzania. London: Oxford University-Press for International Africa Institute.

Prokosch, Erich. 1986. Arabische Kontaktsprachen ( Pidgin- und Kreolsprachen) in Afrika. Grazer-Linguistische-Monographien. 2:2-112.

Putz, Martin (ed). 1997. Language Choices: Conditions, Constraints, and Consequences. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Richmond, Edmun B. 1989. Language Engineering and Educational Policy in Sub Saharan Africa. Geolinguistics. 15:1-6.

Robinson, Peter-G. 1978. Language Planning in Zaire. Fifth International Congress of Applied Linguistics (AILA).

Rubanza, Yusuf T. 1979. The relationship between Kiswahili and other African languages: The case of Kihaya. [Unpublished M. A. thesis, Dar es Salaam University.]

Russel, Joan. 1989. The Role of Vernacularisation in Tanzania. Swahili as a Political Tool. York Papers in Linguistics. 13:295-305.

Salmons, Joe. 1990. From Tone to Stress: Mechanisms and Motivations. Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 16:282-291.

Samarin, William J. 1991. The origins of Kituba and Lingala. Journal of African languages and linguistics. 12:47-77.

------------. 1955. Sango: an African lingua franca. Word. 11:254-267.

------------. 1989. 'Official Language': The Case of Lingala. In: Ammon, Ulrich (ed.) Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 386-398.

Schmied, Josef. 1985. Attitudes towards English in Tanzania. English World-Wide. 6:237-269.

Scotton, Carol M. 1972. Choosing a Lingua Franca in an African Capital. Edmonton: Ling. Research Inc.

------------. 1971. Towards a Sociolinguistic Theory of Choosing a Lingua Franca (a System of Costs and Rewards in Kampala Where Swahili is often a 'Best Buy'). Studies in African Linguistics. Supp.2:109-130.

Simard, Yves. 1994. Le Francais de Cote d´Ivoire. Langue Francaise. 104:20-36.

Spears, Arthur K. & Donald Winford (eds.). 1997. The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles Including Selected Papers from the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Comapany.

Stucky, Susan U. How a Noun Class System May Be Lost: Evidence from Kituba (Lingua Franca Kikongo). Studies in the Linguistic Sciences. 8:1.217-233 (Spring 1978) .

Thomason, Sarah G (ed.). 1996. Contact Languages: A Wider Perspective. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company..

Titlestad, Peter. 1996. English, the Constitution and South Africa's Language Future. In: DeKlerk, Vivian (ed.). Focus on South Africa. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 163-173.

Ventola, Eija. 1995. Englisch als 'lingua franca' der schriftlichen Wissenschaftskommunikation in Finnland und in Deutschland. In: Kretzenbach, Heinz L. (ed.). Linguistik der Wissenschaftssprache. Berlin: de Gruyter. 353-386

Versteegh, Kees. 1993. Leveling in the Sudan: From Arabic Creole to Arabic Dialect. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, (Koines and Koineization). 99:65-79.

Whiteley, W. 1969. Swahili: The Rise of a National Language. London: Methuen.

Whiteley, William H. 1968. Ideal and Reality in national Language Policy: A Case Study from Tanzania. In: Fishman, Joshua A.; Ferguson, Charles A. and Das Gupta, Jyotirindra (eds.). Language Problems of Developing Nations. New York: John Wiley. 327-344.