Detailed Autistic Spectrum Information



Overview of common symptoms of Autistic Spectrum DisordersMedical Tests  Treatments and Therapy Evaluations | Assessments | Standardized Tests 


        Autistic Spectrum disorders are a broad spectrum of symptoms which can affects thought, perception and attention. Children with autism usually exhibit at least half of the traits listed below. These symptoms can range from mild to severe and vary in intensity from symptom to symptom. In addition, the  behavior usually  occurs  across  many  different  situations and  is  often inappropriate for their age.
 
 

Problems in social relatedness and  communication. 

Difficulty interacting with other children(socially delayed). 

Often may prefer to be alone; may act detached to the activities occuring around them or even percieve situations differently from their actual occurence. 

Difficulty in expressing needs. May use gestures or pointing instead of words (side note: Some individuals may spurt out a descriptive list of what they are trying to communicate and expect you to know what they are talking about). 

Abnormal responses to one or a combination of senses such as : sight,  hearing, touch, balance, smell, taste,   and/or reaction to pain.

Sustained odd play. Uneven gross and/or fine motor skills.

Not responsive to verbal cues; (especially first time given) May act as if they are deaf. 

Little or no eye contact.  

Insistence on sameness;resists changes in routine. 

Noticeable physical over activity or extreme under activity.

Tantrums; often displays extreme distress for no apparent reason.

Speech and language absence or delays. Often exhibits word articulation difficulty. 

Inappropriate laughing and giggling. 

Often repeats words, phrases or questions(Echolalia) in place of normal language patterns. 

Often Exhibits abnormal ways of relating to people,objects and events.
(Inappropriate attachment or un-attachment).

Spins, rolls or tosses objects repeatedly or becomes obsorbed in watching spinning objects.

 

 A common aspect of language that tends to be disturbed in autistic spectrum individuals has to do with knowing how to use language appropriately and in context. This includes knowing how to hold a conversation, thinking about what the other person in a conversation understands and believes, and tuning in to the meta-linguistic signals of the other person, such as facial expression, tone of voice and body language.
It is important to remember that communication is as much nonverbal as it is verbal,
   and autistic people have great difficulty understanding nonverbal language.

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Diagnosing and Evaluating Autism


Autism and related Autistic Spectrum disorders, such as PDD-NOS(Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified), and Asperger's Syndrome are difficult to diagnose, especially in very young children. This is due to the fact that speech and reasoning skills are still developing.
It is essential that the process of diagnosing Autism and related disabilities include the assessment and evaluation of a child's development, communication, and social skills. Evaluation and assessment are ongoing processes. Once a diagnosis has been reached, this process should be repeated periodically so that you can assess areas of improvement and area requiring more work. Also, other symptoms may have developed. 

Included below are brief descriptions of some medical tests and evaluations that may be ordered for children suspected of having autism or a related disability. 

Medical Tests


The following medical tests may help with diagnosis and possibly suggest changes in the intervention or treatment strategy. 

Hearing: Various tests such as an Audiogram and Typanogram can indicate whether a child has a hearing impairment. Audiologists, or hearing specialists, have methods to test the hearing of any individual by measuring responses such as turning their head, blinking, or staring when a sound is presented. 

Electroencephalogram(EEG): An  EEG  measures brain waves that can show seizure disorders. 
In addition, an EEG may indicate tumors or other brain abnormalities. Additional tests will likely be needed to make an accurate diagnosis of these conditions. 

Metabolic Screening: Blood and urine lab tests measure how a child metabolizes food and its impact on growth and development. Some Autism spectrum disorders can be treated with special diets. 

Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI): An MRI involves using magnetic sensing equipment to create an image of the brain. The final image shows the brain in extremely fine detail. Sometimes children are sedated in order to complete the MRI because of the need for them to remain completly still for a period of time.

Computer Assisted Axial Tomography (CAT SCAN): An X-Ray tube rotates around the child taking thousands of exposures that are sent to a computer where the X-rayed section of the body 
is reconstructed in great detail. CAT Scans are helpful in diagnosing structural problems with the brain. 

Genetic Testing: Blood tests look for abnormalities in the genes which could cause a  developmental disability. 

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Treatments and Therapy Evaluations


Many children with Autism and related disabilities require some form of treatment and/or special therapy.
  These brief description of treatments and approaches above will give you an idea of what is available. Before embarking on any therapy or treatment, consult your physician.

Treatments and Approaches for Autism

 

PLEASE TAKE NOTE:


The following information has been copied with permission from an Autism Reseach Center. Please note that these opinions of the various treatment options are not my own however, I felt it was important to share what is out there. That way if we do come across an option we will be educated as to what it is.

Drug Treatment  Music Therapy 
Anti Yeast Therapy  Auditory Training
Allergy Induced Autism and Casein/Gluten  Sensory Integration Therapy 
Vitamin/Mineral Therapy  Osteopathy/Craniosacral Therapy 
Lovaas Method  Holding Therapy
Delacto Method  Higashi (Daily Life Therapy)
Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) The Squeeze Machine
Speech-Language Therapy  Son-Rise Program 
Occupational Therapy  TEACCH 
Flexyx Therapy (photo stimulation)



 
 
 
 
Drug Treatment

Drugs don't cure autism, but many autistic suffer from multiple problems such as
depression or seizures, and the drugs can help with those secondary problems.
The drugs most commonly prescribed are:
Anti psychotics (Mellaril, Haldol, Thorazine) - used to treat severe aggression,
self-injurous behavior, agitation or insomnia. 


Anticonvulsants (Tegretol, Depakote, Dilantin) - used to control seizures. 
Anti depression (Lithium, Depakote) - used for bipolar manic depression. 

Anti anxiety (Valium, Librium) 

Benzodiazepines

alprazolam (Xanax)
chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
clonazepam (Klonopin)
diazepam (Valium, Valrelease, Zetran)
flurazepam (Dalmane)
lorazepam (Ativan, Alzapam)
oxazepam (Serax)
triazolam (Halcion)



Tricyclic Antidepressants -

amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep, Enden, Tryptizol)
amoxapine (Asendin)
buproprione (Wellbutrin)
carbamazepine (Epitol, Tegretol)
clomipramine (Anafranil)
desipramine (Norpramine, Pertofrane)
doxepin (Adapin, Sinequan)
imipramine (Tofranil, Janimine)
nortriptyline (Pamelor, Ventyl, Aventyl)
trimipramine (Surmontil)



Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) used for regular depression or compulsive behaviors.
fluoxetine (Prozac)
fluvoxamine (Luvox)
nefazodone (Serzone)
paroxetine (Paxil)
sertraline (Zoloft)

venlafaxine (Effexor) 

(MAOI) Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors -  Used to treat depression and panic. In most cases, MAOI's should not be the first treatment choice. Rather, these drugs are prescribed for people whose symptoms have failed to respond to other common antidepression drugs. Although just as effective as heterocyclic drugs, they poses a potential problem because of the possible toxic food-drug interactions. If you are taking one of these, follow the dietary guidelines strictly.
 
moclobemide (Aurorix, Manerix)
phenelzine (Nardil)

tranylcypromine (Parnate)

Beta Blockers (Nadolol, Buspirone)-used to decrease aggression or hyperactivity. 
Opiate Blockers (Naltrexone/Trexan) - control self injurious behaviors. 
Sedatives (Chloral Hydrate, Noctec, and Benadryl) - for difficulty sleeping 
Stimulants (Ritalin, Dexedrine)-for hyperactivity and attention or concentration problems.Some of them have side effects.
Anti yeast therapy

There are some evidence that candida albicansmay cause or exacerbate behavior and health problems in autistic individuals. The only physical symptoms are vaginal yeast infections and thrush (white patches in mouth).

An overgrowth of candida albicans causes toxins to be released into the body which are known to impair the central nervous system and the immune system. Some of the behaviors related to this are, confusion, hyperactivity, short attention span, lethargy, irritability, and aggression. Reported health problems can include headaches, intestinal problems,(constipation, diarrhea, flatulence), distended stomach, excessive genital touching in infants and young children, cravings for carbohydrates, fruits and sweets. Unpleasant odor of hair and feet, acetone smell from mouth, and skin rashes.

Candida overgrowth is often attributed to long term antibiotic treatments. It has been reported that some children whose autistic tendencies surfaced at 18- 24 months had been continuously treated with antibiotics to control chronic ear infections. The treatment doesn't cure autism, but is helpful for some autistic children.

CONTACTS:

American Academy of Environmental Medicine, PO Box 16106, Denver CO 80216

Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory, Martin Lee & Stephen Barrie, Associates, 18a Regent Park Boulevard, Asheville, NC 28806 +(704) 253-0621 Can provide kit for stool analysis used for determining yeast overgrowth.
 

Allergy induced Autism and Casein/Gluten

In allergy induced Autism, the symptoms usually become apparent during the first three years of life. Some children have autism that appears to have been triggered by intolerance to many foods and/or chemicals, the main offenders being wheat, cow's milk, corn, sugar and citrus fruits, although each child may be affected by different substances. The children also have many almost unnoticeable physical problems, namely excessive thirst, excessive sweating, especially at night, low blood sugar, diarrhea, bloating, rhinitis, inability to control temperature, red face and/or ears and dark circles under the eyes.

It has been reported that a high percentage of autistic children had a "mutant" protein in their urine that was created by eating gluten (found in wheat, oats, barley and rye grains) and/or casein (milk protein) containing food. The mutant protein was the gluten and casein protein bound to a morphine like substance. It's believed that this was what was causing the kids to become spacey and addicted to these foods. It won't cure autism, but may help with some secondary problems.
 

Auditory Training

  Auditory training can be considered a form of sensory integration in which stimulation
  may sensitize or desensitize one or more senses. Theoretically speaking, if one or more
  senses are impaired in an individual, he or she may develop a distorted perception of the
  environment. There has been much research in the past 15 years to indicate that many
  autistic individuals have sensory dysfunction in one or more areas.
  There are two main types of auditory training methods, the Berard approach, lasting 10
  to 12 days, and the Tomatis approach, lasting 6 to 12 months.The Berard training is
  accomplished by a device which randomly selects high and low frequencies from a music
  source and then sends those sounds via headphones to the trainee. Filtering peaks are
  optional for the developmentally disabled population. The music is, in all cases, modulated
  throughout the 10 hours of listening, whether or not peaks are filtered.

  We do not know what percentage of autistic children may be helped by auditory training,
  if any at all, nor how much they may be helped. The treatment is safe, but expensive.
 

Music Therapy

Includes singing, movement to music, and playing instruments. Supposed to be a
good medium for kids with developmental disabilities because it requires no verbal
interaction, music is by nature structured, facilitates play, can aid in socialization
and influence behavior.
 
 

Doman/ Delacato Method

  Carl Delacatto wrote a book called "The Ultimate Stranger". He had a few interesting
  points about "sensoryisms", a terrifying sensations or distortions to senses. The distortions
  can be hypersensitivity (too much stimulas entering the nervous system), hyposensitivity
  (too little stimulus entering the nervous system) or white noise (internal static that disrupts
  input from external stimuli).

  Delacto Method are brain stimulation activities for brain injured children developed by
  Glenn Doman and Carl Delacatto. It involves cross patterning, patterning and sensory
  exercises developed to enhance memory and processing.

  The delacato team evaluate a child and tailor a program to suit his/her needs. Programs
  are working on senses in order to normalize them and are devised for parents to carry
  out at home.They include massage for tactility, auditory and visual work, and tasks for
  smell and taste, mobility and development. All tasks are fitted into 2 to 5 minute slots so
  that the child does not become bored, and are repeated as necessary.
  We do not know what percentage of autistic children may be helped by Delacto
  Method, if any at all, nor how much they may be helped.
 
 

Osteopathy/Craniosacral Therapy

  Doctors who manipulate the bones of the cranium. We do not recommend this
  treatment!
 
 

Holding Therapy

 Holding therapy gained wide-spread attention when Dr Martha Welch, a child psychiatrist
 from New York, began using it as a means of working with children with autism. Her work
 is written in the book, Holding Time.

 During holding therapy the parent attempts to make contact with the child in various ways.
 This may mean simply comforting a distressed child, but often the parent may hold the child
 for periods of time, even if the child is fighting against the embrace. The child sits or lies
 face to face with the parent, who tries to establish eye contact, as well as to share feelings
 verbally throughout the holding  session. The parent remains calm and in control and offers
 comfort when the child stops resisting.

 Many people feel this is a variant of SIT (sensory integration therapy), which helps the child
 adjust  to and overcome sensory overload, and are holding therapy's advocates. Some high
 functioning autistic people have protested that this treatment is too traumatic.
 
 

Sensory Integration Therapy

  A person is trained to deal with sensory sensitivities. The goal is to reduce that anxiety
  through  repeated exposure.
 
 

The Squeeze Machine

  Developed by Temple Grandin. Supposed to reduce hyperactivity and tactile
  defensiveness. Gives the autistic control over the amount of pressure exerted.
 
 

Lovaas Method

Lovaas therapy refers to the treatment model developed by Ivar Lovaas, Ph.D., at
the UCLA Clinic for the Behavioral Treatment of Children, and is mostly behavior modification program. Dr. Lovaas has worked with autistic children for over 30 years, and studies show it helped some kids, but requires one-on-one with a trainer for 40 hours a week.
 
 

The Son-Rise Program taught at the Option Institute and Fellowship

 Barry Neil and Samahria Kaufman "cured" their autistic son, Raun, and then proceeded
 to write a book about it "Son-Rise: The Miracle Continues". They also founded the Option
 Institute and Fellowship in Sheffield, MA. The Institute offers training for families wishing
 to create home based Son-Rise Programs for their children.
 At present, no formal studies or evaluations have validated the effectiveness of the
 Son-Rise Program as a treatment for children with autism.
 
 
 

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

 The Picture Exchange Communication System  (PECS) was developed as augmentative/
 alternative training package that allows nonverbal children and adults with autism and other
 communication deficits to initiate communication. It was created with educators, residential
 care providers and families in mind, and so it is readily used in a variety of settings. Verba
 prompts are not used, thus building immediate initiation and avoiding prompt dependency.
 The system goes on to teach discrimination of symbols and then puts them all together in
 simple "sentences."  Children are also taught to comment and answer direct questions.

 The PECS Training Manual, is written by Lori Frost, MS, CCC/SLP and  Dr. Andrew
 Bondy. The manual provides all of the necessary information to implement PECS
 effectively. It guides readers through the six phases of training and provides examples,
 helpful hints, and templates for data and progress reporting.
 
 

  Higashi (Daily Life Therapy)

   Daily Life Therapy, pioneered by Dr Kiyo Kitahara at the Higashi School in Japan,
   provides an education and emphasizes vigorous physical education and the arts.
   The school is open to students 3-22, who are Autistic, Autistic like, or Pervasive
   Developmental Disorder, and do not serve Multi-Handicapped (physically disabled),
   Severe/Profound Mental Retardation, Emotionally Disturbed, Character Disorder, or
   Uncontrolled Seizure Disorder.

   A method is developed in Japan and imported into the USA. It includes elements
   normally found in the education of autistic children, but places unusual attention to
   physical exercise.
   Upon entering high school, all students participate in community work and ultimately
   employment. Areas of employment opportunities include clerical, custodial, stocking,
   food service and landscaping. All vocational students are paid employees.
   We do not know what percentage of autistic children may be helped by Daily
   Life Therapy , if any at all, nor how much they may be helped.
 
 

 
TEACCH Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication Handicapped CHildren

 TEACCH is not a teaching or learning system, but a behavioral management system,
 which, when properly implemented delivers more predictable behavior and greater
 cooperation from the TEACCH subject, an Autistic child. In general I believe TEACCH
 is a productive program for low functioning autistic children, helping the child learn self
 care skills and preparing the child and the family for some degree of lifelong institutional
 involvement. TEACCH uses structure and modified environment to teach skills, using
 children affinity for routines and rituals to teach and reinforce, classrooms so structured
 and routinized that children are happy, but cannot truly learn to adapt to transitions and
 changes.

 It is thought that this program is not as helpful for higher functioning children as it is for lower functioning. However there training is ever changing. For more information about TEACCH
 go to TEACH.
 
 

Speech-Language Therapy

  It is recognised that autistic children have difficulties with language, but it is clear
  that traditional approaches emphasising mastery of the formal properties of language
  are largely inappropriate: training children to speak is not going to bring about a
  transformation of their behaviour. The autistic child needs to learn not so much how
  to speak as how to use language socially to communicate.
  That includes knowing how to hold a conversation, thinking about what the other
  person in a conversation understands and believes, and tuning in to the meta-linguistic
  signals of the other person, such as facial expression, tone of voice and body language.
  It is important to remember that communication is as much nonverbal as it is verbal,
  and autistic people have great difficulty understanding nonverbal language.

 A speech pathologist who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of language problems
 and speech disorders can help a person learn how to more effectively communicate.
 Speech therapists working with a nonverbal autistic individuals, may consider alternatives
 to the spoken word such as signing, typing, or a picture board with words.
 
 

Occupational Therapy

  Commonly focuses on improving fine motor skills, or sensory motor skills that include
  balance (vestibular system), awareness of body position (proprioceptive system), and
  touch (tactile system).

  After the therapist identifies a specific problem, therapy may include sensory integration
  activities such as: massage, firm touch, swinging, and bouncing.
 
 

Vitamin/Mineral Therapy

Dimethylglycine (DMG), is a food substance and is most often used Vitamin/Mineral Therapy.
DMG is found, in small amounts, in brown rice and liver. Its chemical make-up resembles that
of water soluble vitamins, specifically vitamin B15. DMG does not require a prescription, and it
can be purchased at many health food stores. There are no apparent side effects.

Use 1/2 of a 125 mg tablet at breakfast for a few days. May be necessary to go up to one to
four tablets a day if the results are positive.

Reports from parents giving their child DMG indicate improvements in the areas of speech, eye
contact, social behavior, and attention span.

Two weeks after starting on the DMG, B6 and magnesium can be added. Studies have shown that
vitamin B6 may help control hyperactivity, and improve overall behavior. Although improvements
vary considerably among individuals, other possible improvements are: speech improvements,
improved sleeping patterns, lessened irritability, increased attention span, decrease in self stimulation,
and overall improvement in general health.
We do not know what percentage of autistic children may be helped by Vitamin/Mineral
Therapy , if any at all, nor how much they may be helped.

Flexyx Therapy (photo stimulation)

Dr. Ochs started Flexyx treatment (photo stimulation therapy). Several other therapists have been
conducting more formalized research using brain wave stimulation systems in various stages
of development.

Some patients and their families have been pleased with the results of this treatment, however,
we do not have clinical trials about using EDS with the autistic population, and, thus far,
is lacking sufficient clinical trials to met FDA approval, or to validated the effectiveness
of the treatment.

New information on Vitamin A-Dr. Mary Megson:

For reseach and information on this possible treatment. Click here.

This seems hopeful but remember it is research.
 

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Occupational Therapy(OT): Commonly focuses on improving fine motor skills, such as brushing teeth, feeding, and writing, or sensory motor skills that include balance (Vestibular System), awareness of body position (Proprioceptive System), and touch (Tactile System). 
After a therapist identifies a specific problem, therapy may include sensory integration activities such as: massage, firm touch, ect.. 

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Direct Observation

Direct observation, interaction, and interviews assessments: Information about a child's emotional, social, communication, and cognitive abilities is gathered through child-directed interactions, observations in various situations, and interviews of parents and care givers. Parents 
and family members should be actively involved throughout these assessments. 
What actually occurs during a specific assessment depends on what information parents and evaluators want to know. 

Functional assessments: Aim to discover why a challenging behavior (such as head banging) is occurring. Based on the premise that challenging behaviors are a way of communicating, functional assessment involves interviews, direct observations, and interactions to determine what a child with autism or a related disability is trying to communicate through their behavior. 
Once the purpose of the challenging behavior is determined, an alternative, more acceptable means for achieving that purpose can be developed. This helps eliminate the challenging behavior. 

Play based assessments: Involve adult observation in structured and unstructured play situations that provide information about a child's social, emotional, cognitive, and communication development. By determining the child's learning style and interaction pattern through play based assessments, an individualized treatment plan can be developed. 

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Standardized instruments  

Standardized instruments are formal methods used to determine different levels of cognitive development. 

Rating Scales & Developmental Inventories: Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and Childhood Autism Rating Scale are examples of standardized tests that measure a child's general developmental skills, including socialization skills and coping skills. Scores are based on parent interviews and evaluator observations. 

Intelligence Tests (IQ): Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and other intelligence tests attempt 
to determine an individual's intelligence based on standardized criteria. The results of educational 
tests are often provided in composite scores. On the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, (WISC-III), three scores are usually provided: Verbal IQ (VIQ), Performance IQ (PIQ),and a Full Scale IQ (FSIQ). Each of these tests provides a composite score. Both the Verbal and  Performance IQ scores are composites of  five different sub-tests.***It is important to remember thatInteligence Tests (IQ) often do not necessarily measure an autistic child true abilities and unique potential to develop. This is because these individuals often are more visual thinkers and or oftern required untimed or special accommidations in order to obtain a true picture of the individuals ability.*** 


Counter Re-set on: 3-19-00


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