2000 School stupidity: Brandi Blackbear, 15, was suspended for 15 days from her Tulsa high school in December 1999, for witchcraft, the ACLU reveals as it says it has filed a lawsuit on her behalf. Brandi, a Catholic, was accused of making a male teacher sick.
1999 Red Cross says Russian attack on Chechen refugees killed 2 of its workers (CNN)
1998 Para ayudar a los países con dificultades financieras, el Grupo de los 7 aprueba un fondo de 12,6 billones de pesetas, aportado por el Banco Mundial y el Fondo Monetario Internacional.
1997 Mary McAleese se convierte en la primera ciudadana del Ulster que gana las elecciones presidenciales en Irlanda desde la independencia.
1997 En Chile, El general Ricardo Izurieta es designado sucesor del General José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte, para los siguientes cuatro años.
1997 El cohete europeo " Ariane 5" realiza su segundo vuelo de ensayo tras la explosión del primer lanzamiento en junio de 1996 . El accidente del anterior vuelo supuso un retraso de más de dos años en la comercialización prevista del nuevo cohete.
1997 A jury in Cambridge, Massachusetts, convicts British au pair Louise Woodward of second-degree murder of 8-month-old Matthew Eappen. The judge would later reduce the verdict to manslaughter and set Woodward free.
1996 After a four-hour trial, a Chinese court sentences pro-democracy activist Wang Dan to 11 years in prison for "conspiring to subvert the Chinese government." (Wang would be freed in April 1998 and sent into exile in the United States.)
| 1996 Lotus Notes to introduce Web browser
IBM subsidiary Lotus said it would include a Web browser in its Lotus Notes software, a popular groupware program that allowed users to share data and collaborate on documents. The browser would allow users to store Web pages and work with them offline. In a surprise takeover, IBM had purchased Notes in July 1995, in an attempt to shore up its offerings in networking and Internet software. The takeover was the largest-ever deal for a software company. |
| 1995 Québec separatists narrowly lose
referendum Citizens of the province of Quebec vote to remain within the federation of Canada by a narrow majority of 50.6% to 49.4% in a referendum. The referendum asked Quebec's citizens, the majority of whom are French-speakers, to vote whether their province should begin the process that could make it independent of Canada. Beginning in the 1960s, the Quebec independence movement steadily gained ground, leading to the establishment of a powerful separatist party in 1967--the Parti Quebecois--and a 1980 independence referendum that was defeated by a 60% to 40% margin. Far narrower than the 1980 margin, the 1995 referendum was the biggest threat to Canadian unity in the country's 128-year existence, carrying with it the possibility of losing nearly one-third of its population if the "Oui" vote won. Quebec separatists refrained from any significant violence after their narrow defeat, but former Quebecois leader Jacques Parizeau raised the shadow of racial tension by declaring that his campaign had been beaten by "money and the ethnic vote.” |
1992 Muslim Slav, Croatian soldiers and civilians were driven from the strategic Bosnian town of Jajce in fierce street battles with Serbian forces.
1991 The Middle East peace conference in Madrid, Spain, opens with addresses to the delegates by President George Bush (Sr.) and Soviet President Mikhail S. Gorbachev.. The participants included Israel, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestinians from the Israeli-occupied territories.
1991 30 países firman en Madrid el protocolo del Tratado Antártico, que protege a la zona de la explotación durante 50 años.
1989 Mitsubishi Estate Co., a major Japanese real estate concern, announced it was buying 51 percent of Rockefeller Group Inc. of New York.
1988 Philip Morris pays $13.1 billion to take over fellow industry giant Kraft. While Phillip Morris was sizeable even before the deal, acquiring Kraft made it the world's single biggest producer of consumer goods.
1988 Liberado, sano y salvo, Emiliano Revilla, tras pagar un rescate de unos dos mil millones de pesetas a ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna), que le mantuvo secuestrado durante 249 días.
| 1988 For Sale: Sears Tower
Sears executives announce that they plan to sell the 110-story Sears Tower. The idea was to use the money from the sale--which promised to range anywhere from $800 million to $1.2 billion--to buy back sizeable amounts of the company's stock. Along with putting what was once the world's tallest building on the trading block, Sears unveiled a new retailing strategy designed to stimulate business. The plan called for across-the-board price cuts, as well as a shift toward stocking more name-brand merchandise. Wall Street was less than impressed with Sears' new game plan. While the sale of the tower would undoubtedly rake in some much-needed cash, analysts feared that slashing prices would further damage the company's short-term earnings. The announcement triggered a small sell-off and Sears' stock closed the day with a $1.875 loss. |
1983 the Rev. Jesse Jackson announces plans to become the first black to mount a full-scale campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination.
1983 In Argentina Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín Folukes Alfonsín, a civilian lawyer who had courageously defended victims of the military regime, wins the election, and his Radical Civic Union gains a majority over the Peronists in the national Congress.
1980 Honduras and El Salvador settle their boundary dispute — restablecen relaciones plenas tras la firma en Lima de un Tratado de Paz.
1980 Ahmed Ben Bella, presidente de Argelia de 1963 a 1965, es puesto en libertad tras permanecer 15 años encarcelado.
1979 US President Carter announced his choice of federal appeals judge Shirley Hufstedler to head the newly created Department of Education.
1978 Laura Nickel & Curt Noll find 25th Mersenne prime, 2 ^ 21701-1
| 1975 Prince Juan Carlos assumes power in
Spain Prince Juan Carlos de Borbón becomes Spain's acting head of state after General Francisco Franco, the dictator of Spain since 1936, concedes that he is to ill to govern. The eighty-three-year-old dictator has been suffering serious health problems for nearly a year, and three weeks after Juan Carlos assumes power, Franco dies of a heart attack. Two days later, Juan Carlos is sworn in as the first ruling monarch of Spain in more than forty years. Juan Carlos's grandfather was Alfonso XIII, the last ruling monarch of Spain, who was forced into exile after he refused to abdicate the throne after Spain was declared a republic. Juan Carlos, born in Italy in 1938, returned to Spain in 1955 under the invitation of Franco, and studied in Madrid before earning several commissions in the Spanish armed forces. In 1969, Franco named him his successor. However, after assuming power, King Juan Carlos I immediately begins dismantling Franco's system of dictatorial government, and over the next decade presides over a period of extensive democratization in Spain. |
1965 Souhayl Ben Barka, jefe de la oposición socialista marroquí, es secuestrado en París.
1965 In New York City, military veterans lead a parade in support of government policy in Vietnam. Led by five recipients of the Congressional Medal of Honor, 25'000 people march in support of the US's action in Vietnam.
| 1965 US Marines repel attack near Da Nang. Just a few kilometers from Da Nang, US Marines repel an intense attack by successive waves of Viet Cong troops and kill 56 guerrillas. A search of the dead uncovered a sketch of Marine positions written on the body of a 13-year-old Vietnamese boy who had been selling drinks to the Marines the previous day. This incident was indicative of the nature of a war in which even the most seemingly innocent child could be the enemy. There were many other instances where South Vietnamese civilians that worked on or near US bases provided information to and participated in attacks alongside the enemy. |
1961 Soviet Union tests a 58 megaton hydrogen bomb
1956 Israel captures Egyptian militay post at El-Thamad
1956 Eighth day of the Hungarian Revolution.
1954 US Defense Department announces elimination of all segregated regiments
1953 It is announced that the 1953 Nobel Peace Prize will go to US General George Catlett Marshall [31 Dec 1880 – 16 Oct 1959], General, President American Red Cross, ex-Secretary of State and of Defense, and Delegate to the UN, for originating, after World War II, the European Recovery Program (“Marshall Plan”), which he first suggested in a 05 June 1947 address.. — MORE
| 1953 Eisenhower approves US participation
in nuclear arms race President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally approves National Security Council Paper No. 162/2 (NSC 162/2). The top secret document made clear that America's nuclear arsenal must be maintained and expanded to meet the communist threat. It also made clear the connection between military spending and a sound American economy. The paper began by warning that the Soviet Union already possessed sufficient atomic weapons and delivery capabilities to inflict a "crippling blow to our industrial base and our continued ability to prosecute a war.” While in the short-term such action by the Soviets seemed unlikely, this did not mean that the United States could afford to slacken its efforts to stockpile "sufficient atomic weapons.” In specific situations, the United States should "make clear to the USSR and Communist China...its intention to react with military force against any aggression by Soviet bloc armed forces.” Nuclear weapons should be "as available for use as other weapons.” NSC 162/2 indicated the growing reliance of the United States on its nuclear arsenal as a deterrent to communist aggression during the Eisenhower years. It also suggested that concerns were being raised about the ability of the American economy to support both a booming domestic standard of living and massive military expenditures. Its approval by the President was a definite sign of his so-called "New Look" foreign policy that depended on more cost efficient nuclear weapons to fight the Cold War. |
1950 The First Marine Division is ordered to replace the entire South Korean I Corps at the Chosin Reservoir area.
1950 Gustavo VI de Suecia sube al trono.
1948 Victor Raul Haya de la Torre se refugia en la embajada de Colombia en Lima (Perú).
1945 US government announces end of shoe rationing.
1944
Anne Frank is moved from Auschwitz to Belsen<In Nazi-occupied Holland, thirteen-year-old Jewish diarist Anne Frank and her family were forced to take refuge in a secret sealed-off area of an Amsterdam warehouse on 6 July 1942. The day before, Anne's older sister, Margot, had received a call-up notice to be deported to a Nazi "work camp.” Born in Germany on 12 June 1929, Anne Frank fled to Amsterdam with her family in 1933 to escape Nazi persecution. In the summer of 1942, with the German occupation of Holland underway, twelve-year-old Anne began a diary relating her everyday experiences, her relationship with her family and friends, and observations about the increasingly dangerous world around her. Just a few months later, under threat of deportation to Nazi concentration camps, the Frank family was forced into hiding in a secret sealed-off area of an Amsterdam warehouse. Over the next two years, under the threat of murder by the Nazi officers patrolling just outside the warehouse, Anne kept a diary that is marked by poignancy, humor, and insight. On 04 August 1944, just two months after the successful Allied landing at Normandy, the Nazi Gestapo discovers the Frank’s "Secret Annex.” Along with another Jewish family with whom they had shared the hiding place, and two of the Christians who had helped shelter them, the Franks were sent to the Nazi death camps. Anne, on 02 September 1944, and most of the others ended up at the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, although her diary was left behind, undiscovered by the Nazis. On 30 October 1944, Anne was moved to Belsen. In early 1945, with the Soviet liberation of Poland underway, Anne was moved with her sister, Margot, to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany. Suffering under the deplorable conditions of the camp, the two sisters caught typhus and died in early March, probably on 12 March in the case of Anne. After the war, Anne’s diary was discovered undisturbed in the Amsterdam hiding place, and in 1947, was translated into English and published. An instant bestseller which was eventually translated into over thirty languages, The Diary of Anne Frank has served as a literary testament to the six million Jews, including Anne herself, who were silenced in the Holocaust. |
| 1941 FDR approves Lend-Lease aid to the USSR
President Roosevelt, determined to keep the United States out of the war while helping those allies already mired in it, approves $1 billion in Lend-Lease loans to the Soviet Union. The terms: no interest and repayment did not have to start until five years after the war was over. The Lend-Lease program was devised by President Roosevelt and passed by Congress on 11 March 1941. Originally, it was meant to aid Great Britain in its war effort against the Germans by giving the chief executive the power to "sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of" any military resources the president deemed ultimately in the interest of the defense of the United States. The reasoning was: If a neighbor was successful in defending his home, the security of your home was enhanced. Although the Soviet Union had already been the recipient of American military weapons, and now had been promised $1 billion in financial aid, formal approval to extend the Lend-Lease program to the USSR had to be given by Congress. Anticommunist feeling meant much heated debate, but Congress finally gave its approval to the extension on 07 November. By the end of the war, more than $50 billion in funds, weapons, aircraft, and ships had been distributed to 44 countries. After the war, the Lend-Lease program morphed into the Marshall Plan, which allocated funds for the revitalization of "friendly" democratic nations-even if they were former enemies. |
1938 A radio staging of H.G. Wells' War of the Worlds (with simulated news reports) is broadcast by Orson Welles' Mercury Theatre at CBS. Many panic believing it is a newscast about a real Martian invasion
1938 Anexión de los Sudetes por Alemania y desmembramiento de Checoslovaquia.
1930 Turkey & Greece sign a treaty of friendship
1925 John Logie Baird consigue la primera transmisión televisiva de un objeto en movimiento.
1923 En Alemaña, Wilhelm Marx, jefe del partido centrista, forma nuevo
1922 Mussolini sends his black shirts into Rome. The Fascist takeover is almost without bloodshed. The next day, Mussolini is made prime minister. Mussolini centralized all power in himself as leader of the Fascist party and attempted to create an Italian empire, ultimately in alliance with Hitler's Germany. -- Les militants fascistes du parti de Benito Mussolini célèbrent par une "Marche sur Rome" la nomination deux jours plus tôt de leur chef à la tête du gouvernement. C'est la première victoire d'un parti non-démocratique en Europe occidentale. — Benito Mussolini recibe el encargo de formar Gobierno en Italia..
1918 The Italians capture Vittorio Veneto and rout the Austro-Hungarian army.
1918 Estalla en Hungría la "revolución de las rosas de otoño", dirigida por el conde Miguel Karoly, que formó el primer Gobierno nacional, pues Hungría quedó separada de Austria.
1918 Turkey signs an armistice at Mudros with the WWI Allies, agreeing to end hostilities at noon, 31 October. The Ottomans surrender their remaining garrisons in Hejaz, Yemen, Syria, Mesopotamia, Tripolitania, and Cyrenaica; the Allies are to occupy the Straits of the Dardanelles and the Bosporus, Batum (now in southwest Georgia), and the Taurus tunnel system; and the Allies win the right to occupy “in case of disorder” the six Armenian provinces in Anatolia and to seize “any strategic points” in case of a threat to Allied security. The Ottoman army is demobilized, and Turkish ports, railways, and other strategic points were made available for use by the Allies.
1918 Slovakia asks for creation of Czechoslovakian state
1915 Aristide Briand sustituye a Viviani en el cargo de primer ministro de Francia.
1912 Battle of Lulé Burgas enters its third day, as Bulgarians try to overcome stiff Turkish resistance. The bloody battle would last a a week during which the Turkish infantry endured murderous barrages from the Bulgarian artillery. By 03 November, the Turks would be in full retreat toward the lines of Tchataldja, the last line of defense before Constantinople 30 km to the south.
1905 "October Manifesto": Russian Tsar Nicholas II [18 May 1868 – 17 Jul 1918] promises civil liberties and elections in an attempt to avert the burgeonng support for revolution, but has no intention to keep these promises that he considers extracted from him under duress.. -- Suite à la révolution de janvier et à la défaite des Russes face aux Japonais, le tsar Nicolas II doit publier un Manifeste par lequel il instaure un régime constitutionnel en Russie. Mais cette expérience ne durera pas plus de quelques mois et son échec conduira le tsarisme et le tsar à leur mort.
1905 Tras la superación de la crisis, se reorganiza el Gobierno español y lo preside Eugenio Montero Ríos.
1903 Revolución en Santo Domingo. Barcos de guerra americanos y europeos desembarcan tropas para proteger los consulados.
1902 Pope Leo XIII published the apostolic letter "Vigilantiae," which officially established the Pontifical Commission of Biblical Studies. Created to safeguard the authority of Scripture from outside secular criticism, in 1904 the Commission was empowered to confer academic degrees.
1899 Two battalions of British troops are cut off, surrounded and forced to surrender to General Petrus Joubert's Boers at Nicholson's Nek.
| 1890 Oakland, California, enacts anti-drug
law Oakland, California, enacts a law against opium, morphine, and cocaine. The new regulations allowed only doctors to prescribe these drugs, which, until then, had been legal for cures or pain relief. Reflecting a general trend at the time, Oakland was only one of the jurisdictions across the country that began to pass criminal laws against the use of mind-altering substances. In 1880, Kansas banned the sale and manufacture of all intoxicating liquors in an amendment to its constitution. Many other states left the question open to county governments, which resulted in different alcohol laws in every town. Soon, sellers were required to obtain a license in most states. Interestingly, both Texas and Massachusetts passed laws requiring that bars and saloons have open windows, presumably so that the community could keep an eye on what was happening inside. In the latter part of the 19th century, opium dens began to spring up. Generally, there was no legal prohibition on these narcotics, although respectable society certainly disapproved of addicts. Due to the growth of the opium problem after the acquisition of the Philippines, the Harrison Act of 1914 was passed, which added a tax to the sale of narcotics. This was intended to stop the easy availability of drugs, and in 1919, the act was extended to prohibit even the use of drugs in small doses for recovering addicts. More recently, drug laws have been witnessing a bit of a backlash. In the late 1990s, California and Arizona voters passed ballot initiatives that allow for the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes. |
| 1875 Missouri's Constitution ratified
Missouri's constitution is ratified by popular vote, bringing unity to an American state with a history of division. Named for one of the Native-American groups that once lived in the territory, Missouri became a US possession as part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. In 1817, Missouri Territory applied for statehood, but the question of whether it would be slave or free delayed approval by Congress. Finally, the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was reached, admitting Missouri as a slave state but excluding slavery from the other lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of Missouri's southern border. However, in August of 1821, Missouri's entrance into the Union as a slave state was met with disapproval by a sizable portion of its citizens. In 1861, when other slave states succeeded, Missouri chose to remain in the Union, but a provincial government was established in the next year by Confederate sympathizers. During the war, Missourians were split in their allegiances, supplying both Union and Confederate forces with troops. Lawlessness persisted during this period, and Missouri-born Confederate guerillas such as Jesse James kept the spirit alive after the South's defeat. With the ratification of Missouri's new constitution by the citizens of the state in 1875, those old divisions were finally put to rest. |
1864 La Paz de Viena pone fin a la guerra que venía sosteniendo Dinamarca con Prusia y Austria. Es la primera gran victoria del Canciller de Hierro Bismarck. Denmark is forced to renounce its rights to Schleswig and Holstein. King Christian IX of Denmark to cede his rights to the dukedoms of Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia and Austria jointly. Prussia and Austria would then quarrel with each other, and, as a result of Prussia's victory over Austria in the Seven Weeks' War of 1866, both Schleswig and Holstein would become part of Prussia. This arrangement would leave the Danish-speaking majority of North Schleswig discontent under Prussian rule.
1831 Afro-American Nat Turner is jailed in Jerusalem, Virginia, for a slave revolt he led a month earlier that killed 57 white Virginians. He was a lay preacher.
1822 En el Congreso de Verona, las potencias monárquicas europeas acuerdan la intervención armada en España a favor de Fernando VII, incómodo con los gobiernos liberales.
1817 Simon Bolivar established the independent government of Venezuela.
1813 Las tropas francesas capitulan en Pamplona. Termina así la Guerra de la Independencia española.
1697 The Treaty of Ryswick ends the war between France and the Grand Alliance.
1536 Thirteen years after Lutheran ministers came to bring spiritual renewal to its people, Denmark adopted Lutheranism as its official state religion.
1520 Carta de Hernán Cortés a Carlos I, desde México, en la que comunica al emperador que le ha dado el nombre de Nueva España al territorio donde se había establecido.
1485 Henry Tudor [28 Jan 1457 – 21 Apr 1509] is crowned Henry VII of England. -- Première assemblée des Yeomen de la Garde qui auraient été créés, quelques mois plus tôt par Henry à la bataille de Bosworth (22 Aug 1485) où il vainquit Richard III [02 Oct 1452 – 22 Aug 1485], qui y trouva la mort. Aujourd'hui corps de vétérans, les Yeomen font partie de la Maison de la Reine, dont ils sont les gardes du corps dans certaines cérémonies. Ils portent toujours leur uniforme du XVème siécle.
1270 French King Saint Louis IX, having failed years before in the 7th Crusade, launches an 8th Crusade, which will be aborted when he dies of fever before Tunis.
| 1242 La paix de Lorris A Lorris, le comte de Toulouse Raimon VII signe la paix avec le roi de France, Louis IX (Saint Louis). Le traité met un terme à la révolte des seigneurs du Midi contre les armées du roi de France. Celles-ci occupent sans ménagement le Midi toulousain depuis que le pape Innocent III a levé en 1208 une Croisade contre les hérétiques cathares de la région, encore appelés Albigeois. C'est le massacre de deux inquisiteurs, à Avignonnet, près de Toulouse, qui a donné le signal du soulèvement, en mai 1242. Le soulèvement échoue, de même que la coalition fomentée par Raimon VII avec le roi d'Angleterre et le comte de la Marche. À Lorris, Raimon VII reconnaît l'autorité du roi de France. Le Midi toulousain perd définitivement son indépendance. Deux siècles plus tard, c'est le Midi qui sauvera la dynastie capétienne en conservant sa fidélité au "petit roi de Bourges" dépouillé de ses droits au profit de l'Anglais. |
0335 Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, meets Constantine outside Constantinople. Constantine flies into a rage when someone says Athanasius held up grain shipments from Egypt. This leads to one of Athanasius's many episodes of disfavor with ruling authorities.
1984
Rev. Jerzy Popieluszko is found dead; he had been abducted 11 days
earlier by the Polish secret police, and his corpse shows marks of torture.
1910
La Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) celebra en Barcelona
su congreso constitutivo.
1893
