Other Fed Stt's: Civil Rts Stt, EPA, & ADEA

Civil Rts Stt

  1. Must Prove Discrim. Intent 4 Both Stt's
  2. Section 1981
    1. All persons shall have same rt 2 make & enforce K
      1. Incl's making, perf., modif., & term. K
    2. Prohibit Race Discrim.
      1. Race is any ID'able ethnic group / sep. group / family
      2. Priv. axn ok
  3. Section 1983
    1. All Persons Under Color Causes Any Cit. 2 B Deprived of Rts
      1. Only pub. sector empl. / state axn
    2. C /A 4 Any Discrim. Under E/P
      1. Cov's gender discrim.
  4. Proced. of §§1981 & 3
    1. Dir'ly 2 Ct
    2. S /L
      1. State residual tort S/L so 1 yr. in CA 2 file inct
    3. Notice of Claim When Sue State Agencies
  5. Remedies of §§1981 & 3
    1. Unlimited Damages
    2. Punitive Damages
      1. Need more than intentional discrim.
      2. In CA, must prove
        1. Oppression
        2. Fraud
        3. Malice /
        4. Reckless Disregard
    3. Compensatory Damages
      1. Evid. through experts 2 prove emotional distress
    4. No Double Recov.
      1. If file Title 7 & §1981 / 3 together, then can't get Title 7 damages b/c get unlimited 1981 damages

Equal Pay Act (EPA)

  1. Part of FLSA: §206)d
  2. Structure: Narrower Fact Pattern Than Title 7
    1. PFC
      1. Pay rel'ed 2 wages like salary + fringe benefits
      2. Un= pay by sex
        1. Dif. in fringe is dif. in pay 2
      3. For subst'ly = work
        1. Skill
        2. Effort
        3. Responsibility
        4. Similar working cond.'s
        5. Have @ least 1 man doing subst'ly = job as woman 4 comparison
        6. Look @ actual job, not job titles
    2. Er's Aff. Def.'s
      1. Sen. sys.
      2. Merit sys.
      3. Quantitative / qualitative
      4. Or any factor other than sex
        1. If P shows factor incorp. historical discrim., er must show acceptable busi. rsn
        2. Can arg. mkt demand 4 1 indiv. but not 4 group of people
    3. Can't Lwr Men's Wages 2 Equalize
  3. Remedies
    1. Double Back Pay
      1. Unpaid min. wage + amt. = in liq'ed damages
      2. S /L controls back pay
        1. Two yrs 4 ord.
        2. Three yrs. 4 willful
      3. All payday is new viol.
    2. Rsbl Atty Fee + Cost of Litig.
      1. Mandatory only 4 prevailing P
  4. Rel. Btwn Title 7 & EPA
    1. Comparable Worth
      1. Compare dif. jobs by looking @ job eval. sys. & pay = 4 = pts
      2. Rejected 4 EPA & Title 7
      3. Only successful in
        1. Collective barg'ing in pub. sector
        2. Polit. success in some states
    2. Title 7 Broader 4 Sex Discrim. 4 Pay Claim
      1. Bennett amend. only incorp. er's defenses of EPA into Title 7, not all EPA
      2. Title 7 not need
        1. Subst'ly = work
        2. Man 2 compare w/
      3. But limited 2 disp. treatment cases

ADEA

  1. Combo of Title 7 & FLSA
    1. Coverage
      1. Er is anybody w/20 / more ee's
      2. Anybody over 40 w/o cap on age so no mandatory retirement
      3. Tracks Title 7
    2. Structure
      1. PFC
        1. Over 40
        2. Qualified
        3. Adverse axn
        4. Younger people weren't
          1. Not have 2 B lwr than 40
          2. Dif. in age help infer discrim. but not abs.
          3. Show comparison, not need replacement
      2. Er's
        1. Rebuttal / prod. evid. of legit. busi. rsn
        2. Section f
          1. Aff def.
            1. BFOQ
              1. Ez'er 4 er 2 prove here than in Title 7
              2. Same elements as Title 7 BFOQ
              3. Must have indiv. med. eval. / actual proof can't do indiv. med. eval.
              4. Need subst'l basis in fact like med. evid. of prog. in aging
            2. Bona fide sen. sys.
              1. Anything w/mandatory retirement isn't bona fide
            3. Bona fide empl. benefit plan
          2. Not aff. def.
            1. Rsbl factors other than age
            2. Discharge / otherwise discipline indiv. 4 good cause
      3. Pretext
        1. Single motive
          1. P must prove age is the factor
          2. Disprove all other factors
        2. Mixed motive
          1. Split on req'ing dir. evid. (3rd v. 2nd Cir.)
        3. Hard 2 prove
          1. Pension vesting isn't pretext
          2. But 7th Cir. req's 2 offer job if fire b/c high cost
    3. Trend 2 Reject Disp. Impact
  2. Remedies
    1. Back Pay
      1. S /L is 2 yrs.
    2. Reinstatement
    3. Liq'ed Damages Only 4 Willful Viol.: §16
      1. Double back pay
      2. Willful viol. is reckless disregard which is more than being aware of ADEA & obeying it
      3. S /L is 3 yrs
    4. No
      1. Compensatory & punitive damages
  3. Proced.: §7)d
    1. Must File Charge w/EEOC
      1. Nondeferral, w/in 180 days C/A accrues
      2. Deferral, w/in 300 days C/A accrues
    2. Rt 2 Sue Letter
      1. May file in ct. 60 days after filed w/EEOC w/o waiting 4 rt 2 sue letter
      2. Must file in ct w/in 90 days if get rt 2 sue letter
    3. If Deferral State, Must Wait 60 Days Before Filing w/Fed Ct
      1. But not specify when 2 file w/state

This material is copyrighted by the authors. Use of the material for profit is strictly prohibited without the written permission from the author.

May 4, 1997

Ms. Haeji Hong

Go Back to Law School Notes