Diabetes - The syndrome is caused by heposecretion of antidiuretic hormone resulting from hypothalamus-pituitary lesion. Diabetes can also be secondary to other diseases. The state of illness may be mild or severe, transient or permanent.

1.Diabetes - Polyuria, polydipsia and increased water intake are the principle features. If water intake is restricted, severe dehydration may occur.

2. The etiology of primary diabetes insipidus remains indeterminate. Secondary cases may be initiated by tumor, infection or trauma of the hypothalamus-pituitary system or the adjacent tissues.

3. Diabetes -Accessory examination

a) The specific gravity of urine is reduced and usually less than 1.006. The osmotic prnsipidus from psychogenic polydipsia and polyuria.

b) The osmotic pressure of plasma is elevated. There may appear dizziness, dysphoria, tachycardia or disorder of consciousness, the so-called hyperosmotic syndrome.

c) Water-deprivation test and hypertonic saline test are used to distinguish diabetes insipidus from psychogenic polydipsia and polyuria. Water- deprivation test is dangerous, and now is rarely performed.

TYPES OF DIABETES SYNDROMES and DIANOGSIS

Deficiency of the Kidney-qi Diabetes treatment . Main Symptoms: Polydipsia, frequent and profuse urination, emaciation, aching pain in the lumbus, lassitude. The case exhibiting more symptoms and signs of deficiency of the kidney-yin Diabetes is marked as feverish sensation in the palms and soles, restlessness, red tongue with little fur, deep, thread and rapid pulse; while the case presenting more symptoms and signs of deficiency of the kidney-yang is manifested as light color urine, aversion to cold, impotence, pale tongue with whitish fur, and deep, thread and weak pulse.

Diabetes Mellitus is a common metabolic endocrinopathy resulting from absolute or relative deficiency of insulin and leading to metabolic disturbance of carbohydrate, fat and protein. The Diabetes disease is frequently followed by water-electrolyte imbalance and acid-base disturbance. According to the age of the patients, clinical manifestations and requirements for insulin, diabetes can be divided into many types.

1. The characteristics of a typical case of diabetes mellitus are often polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria and loss of body weight. Early or asymptomatic patients only show abnormal release of cortical hormone and insuline inside the body. The level of fasting blood sugar is elevated with abnormal glucose tolerance test.

2. The main complications and concomitant diseases of diabetes mellitus are diabetic ketoacidosis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetic renopathy and peripheral neuropathy. Cardiovascular complications are the chief causes of death.

3. Diabetes mellitus is classified into juvenile and adult types according to the clinical features. The age of onset of the juvenile type is young and has a tendency to inheritance. Blood sugar fluctuates widely and is quite sensitive to insulin. Treatment is difficult and it is often named insulin-depending diabetes or unstable diabetes. The age of onset of adult type is above 40. This type is relatively mild and can be controlled by dietary restriction or oral antidiabetics. Therefore it is also named non- insulin depending diabetes or stable diabetes.

4. Accessory examination

a) Fasting blood-glucose is higher than 130 mg. Blood glucose after meal is more than 160-180 mg. Urine is positive for glucose. If complicated by ketosis, urine is positive for ketone bodies.

b) Glucose tolerance test can be used to diagnose early or suspected cases and is the principle test in diagnosis.

c) New diagnostic techniques such as testing blood insuline levels are quite helpful in understanding the pathological changes of pancreas and in obtaining information concerning treatment.

1. Diabetes Hearty Conditions - Dryness-heat in the Lung and Stomach Main Symptoms : Restlessness, polydipsia, polyphagia with tendency to hunger, dryness of the mouth and tongue, polyuria, red tongue with yellowish fur, slippery and rapid pulse.

2. Deficiency of the Kidney Main Symptoms: Polyuria with turbid discharge, soreness and debility of the lumbus, dryness of the mouth and tongue, dyshopria with feverish sensation in the chest, palms and soles, red tongue, deep, thread and rapid pulse.

Hypoglycaemia or low blood glucose is a condition where the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood drops below a certain point (about 3.0mmol/l). This causes a number of symptoms that usually go away 10 to 15 minutes after eating sugar.

Regular blood sugar tests can help you identify when you need to pay extra attention to your blood sugar level.

Causes

Insulin is normally produced in the pancreas and helps the body's cells absorb glucose from the blood. Normally, the glucose level rises after a meal to about 7 to 10mmol/l and insulin is secreted from the pancreas. The glucose level starts dropping again about one to two hours after the meal, and is back to normal by the next meal (about 4 to 5.5 mmol/l). By this time, the insulin level in the blood has also returned to normal.

Diabetic patients, hypoglycaemic episodes (also known as 'hypos') can be caused by too much insulin in the blood, or less insulin is needed.

Too much insulin in the blood

The dose of insulin or antidiabetic tablets is set too high.

The patient has accidentally overdosed or been given too many tablets.

Less insulin needed

1.If the patient has eaten less than usual.
2.If there has been physical activity.

If the patient has been drinking alcohol.

Hypoglycaemia can cause some or all of the following symptoms:

paleness
shaking
perspiration
a feeling of weakness
rapid heartbeat
hunger
agitation
difficulty concentrating
irritability
fatigue
blurred vision
temporary loss of consciousness
confusion
convulsions
coma.

Hypoglycaemia does not cause any of the above symptoms in some diabetic patients. This is especially the case where long-standing diabetes is concerned. In these patients, convulsions and loss of consciousness can occur without warning. To avoid this, they are asked to maintain a higher level of glucose in the blood and to measure it more frequently than is normally required. This is very important.

Hypoglycaemic episodes can be categorised as:

1. Mild hypoglycaemia or hypoglycaemic episodes. The patient can manage these episodes alone. 2. Serious hypoglycaemia. The patient will need help from others, either a family member or a doctor.

 

Blood glucose level is the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It is also known as serum glucose level. The amount of glucose in the blood is expressed as millimoles per litre (mmol/l).

Blood glucose levels stay within narrow limits throughout the day (4 to 8mmol/l). But they are higher after food and usually lowest in the morning or when you are hungry.

When a person has diabetes, their blood glucose level usually moves outside these limits.

Controlling blood glucose levels:

Stable blood glucose significantly reduces the risk of developing late-stage diabetic complications. These may start to appear 10 to 15 years after diagnosis with Type 1 diabetes and often less than 10 years after diagnosis with Type 2 diabetes.

Complications

Neuropathy (nerve disease)
Retinopathy (eye disease)
Nephropathy (kidney disease)
Cerebrovascular disease, such as stroke
Cardiovascular disease, such as heart attack, hypertension and heart failure.
Gangerene.

4 to 7mmol/l before meals.
less than 10mmol/l one-and-a-half hours after meals.
around 8mmol/l at bedtime.