Mr. Haskell
World History
16 March 2005
Chapter 29 Outline
I. Struggle for Change in Latin America
A. The Mexican Revolution
1. Porfirio Diaz, the president of Mexico, welcomed foreign investors who developed mines, built railroads, and drilled for oil.
2. Francisco Madero, a liberal reformer, hoisted the flag of revolt, in which revolutionaries all across Mexico joined the cause.
3. The fighting lasted for a decade, killing around a million Mexicans; women also marched with regular army units or joined hit-and-run guerilla bands.
B. Reforms
1. The Constitution of 1917 permitted the breakup of large estates, placed restrictions on foreigners owning land, and allowed nationalization, or government takeover, of natural resources.
2. The government started to reform after the civil wars, supporting labor unions and launching massive effort to combat illiteracy.
3. The government organized the Institutional Revolutionary party (PRI), in 1929, which managed to accommodate all groups in Mexican society.
C. Rising Tide of Nationalism
1. New products like synthetic textiles and nitrates competed with Latin American exports after trade fell off with Europe.
2. Nationalism grew in Latin America as the people were determined to develop their own economies and end foreign economic control.
3. This feeling in the 1920s led Latin American writers, artists, and thinkers to reject European influences.
D. The “Good Neighbor” Policy
1. During the Mexican Revolution, the United States supported leaders who it thought would protect American interests.
2. Augusto Cesar Sandino led a guerilla movement against United States forces occupying his country, supporting the anti-American feeling.
3. Pres. Franklin Roosevelt pledged the “policy of the good neighbor,” which withdrew troops it had stationed in Haiti and Nicaragua and lifted the Platt Amendment, which had limited Cuban independence.
II. Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East
A. Movements for Change in Africa
1. Apartheid- imposed system of racial segregation; in which ensured white economic power, better-paying jobs in mines to whites only, and Blacks were pushed in low-paid, less-skilled work.
2. Protests in Kenya were led by the Kikuyu leaders, and even after leaders were put in jail by the British, still continued.
3. In 1912, educated Africans organized a political party, later known as the African National Congress (ANC), in which the members worked through legal means, protesting laws that restricted the freedom of black Africans.
B. Growing Self –Confidence
1. Pan-African movement began in 1920s which emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world.
2. W.E.B. Dubois led the Pan-Africanists who tried to forge a united front, by organizing the first Pan-African Congress in 1919.
3. I 1922, Britain finally agreed to declare Egypt independent, but kept troops in Egypt to guard the Suez Canal.
C. Modernization in Turkey and Iran
1. Mustafa Kemal, the leader of the Turkish nationalists, helped lead them to overthrow the sultan, defeat western occupation forces, and declare Turkey a republic.
2. Later named Ataturk, Kemal replaced Islamic law with a new law code based on European models, which discarded the Muslim calendar in favor of the Christian calendar.
3. In 1925, Reza Khan, an ambitious army officer, overthrew shah, and set up a new Pahlavi dynasty in which he modernized Iran and made it fully independent.
D. Arab Nationalism and European Mandates
1. After WWI, the Arabs felt they were betrayed because they had been promised independence, in which the Allies carved up the Ottoman lands.
2. In 1897, Theodor Herzl founded the modern Zionist movement, in order to rebuild a Jewish state in Palestine.
3. In 1930s, anti-Semitism in Germany and Eastern Europe forced many Jews to seek safety in Palestine.
III. India Seeks Self-Rule
A. Moves Toward Independence
1. In World War I, more than a million Indians had served overseas, suffering heavy casualties, and thousands died on distant battlefields.
2. To quiet nationalist demands, the British promised India greater self-government after the war.
3. Indians became increasingly upset that they had to die for England, but still had no freedom.
B. Mohandas Gandhi
1. Gandhi thought that all rights should be the same for every man and women.
2. He also planned to go against the government by boycotting all British goods that were imported into the country.
3. Gandhi admired Christian teachings above love and read the works of Henry David Thoreau, an American philosopher of the 1800s who believed in civil disobedience, the refusal to obey unjust laws.
C. The Salt March
1. The Indians also boycotted the use and touch of salt which was a sign of British oppression.
2. Gandhi even wrote the British a letter saying that he was going to break the law and resent British rule.
3. The Salt March took place on March 12 and was a 240 miles long trip to the ocean.
D. Looking Ahead
1. The Muslims feared that the population of Hindu people would increase because most people were now Hindu.
2. The British government made India mad by not allowing them to become an independent nation.
3. India finally got their independence in 1945 but there were now bigger issues that the country cared most about.
IV. Upheavals in China
A. The Chinese Republic
1. Sun Yixian hoped to rebuild the empire based on the Three Principals of the People.
2. Yuan Shikai took over after Sun Yixian died and also wanted to restore China as it once was.
3. The Chinese people adopted Marxism into their culture but the government was not happy about it.
B. Leaders for a New China
1. Guomindang was term used for a nationalist party member who established a government for South China.
2. Jiang Jieshi took over the Guomindang and completed his military training.
3. Mao Zedong was a communist revolutionary who wanted support from everyone.
C. Japanese Invasion
1. The Japanese first struck the Manchuria where to Japanese Empire is located.
2. They then attacked again with airplanes and troops over Beijing and Guanzhou.
3. The second invasion became known as the “Rape of Nanjing” because of the brutal killings.
V. Empire of the Rising Sun
A. Liberal Changes of the 1920s
1. Surprising enough, the Japanese economy actually increased during World War 1 instead of decreasing like every other country.
2. In the 1920’s all women in Japan had earned the right to vote which brought other changes to the country as well.
3. Also in the 1920’s the government and the military were not seeing eye to eye on subjects and almost fought on subjects.
B. The Nationalist Reaction
1. The economy of Japan had now significantly dropped and people were losing money and could no longer afford the goods and market shares.
2. Politicians were blamed for this entire downfall of the Japanese economy because of Western ideas.
3. Japanese army officers blew up railroad tracks that would later led to battles at Manchuria.
C. Militarists in Power
1. Patriotic societies assassinated other politicians and business people who were against the expansion of the military.
2. In 1937 the military was dominated by the civilian government and socialists ideas were destroyed.
3. In 1939 Japan joined with two European super powers that would later fuel World War II.