Shoe Making
	This is a pattern for a shoe of the kind found in Jorvik, England. The large piece in the middle of the diagram is for a one-piece upper, most often made from a pliable leather while the sole (on the left in the diagram) is made from extra thick leather. The warriors in the society often have studded soles on their shoes and boots to increase safety on the battlefield although this is not authentic. Seams are sew together with waxed linen thread, usually with a saddle stitch. Other stitches can be used, but saddle stitch is done using two threads passing both ways through the same hole which strengthens the seam. The upper part is curved round so that A meets B and sewn to a soft piece cut to the sole pattern. The resulting shape is then turned inside out and the thick sole attached to it. The sole (and possibly the upper too) is pre-holed to allow greater ease when sewing - and making a groove close to the edge of the sole where the stitches will go protects the thread from wearing through too soon. The fastening shown here is made by rolling a strip of leather to produce the toggle which fastens through a leather loop. The toggle could also be made from bone or wood. The shoe shown is just one of several designs from the period, including one or two designs for boots.